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Theodore Clarke Smith. The Wars Between England and America
The Wars Between England and America
Table of Contents
CHAP. PAGE. I THE ELEMENTS OF ANTAGONISM, 1763 … … … … 9 II THE CONTEST OVER PARLIAMENTARY TAXATION, 1763–1773 … 28 III THE DISRUPTION OF THE EMPIRE, 1773–1776 … … … 51 IV THE CIVIL WAR IN THE EMPIRE, 1776–1778 … … … 75 V FRENCH INTERVENTION AND BRITISH FAILURE, 1778–1781 … 96 VI BRITISH PARTIES AND AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, 1778–1783 . . 114 VII THE FORMATION OF THE UNITED STATES, 1781–1793 … … 129 VIII THE FIRST PERIOD OF COMMERCIAL ANTAGONISM, 1783–1795 . . 149 IX THE TRIUMPH OF DEMOCRACY IN THE UNITED STATES, 1795–1805 169 X THE SECOND PERIOD OF COMMERCIAL ANTAGONISM, 1805–1812 . . 189 XI THE WAR FOR "SAILORS' RIGHTS" AND WESTWARD EXPANSION, 1812–1815 … … … … … … 215 XII END OF THE ANTAGONISM: A CENTURY OF PEACE … . … . 236 BIBLIOGRAPHY … … … … … … . … 251 INDEX … … … … … … … . … . 254
THE WARS BETWEEN ENGLAND AND AMERICA. CHAPTER I. THE ELEMENTS OF ANTAGONISM, 1763
CHAPTER II
THE CONTEST OVER PARLIAMENTARY TAXATION, 1763–1773
CHAPTER III. THE DISRUPTION OF THE EMPIRE, 1773–1776
CHAPTER IV. THE CIVIL WAR IN THE EMPIRE, 1776–1778
CHAPTER V
FRENCH INTERVENTION AND BRITISH FAILURE, 1778–1781
CHAPTER VI. BRITISH PARTIES AND AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, 1778–1783
CHAPTER VII
THE FORMATION OF THE UNITED STATES, 1781–1798
CHAPTER VIII. THE FIRST PERIOD OF COMMERCIAL ANTAGONISM, 1783–1795
CHAPTER IX. THE TRIUMPH OF DEMOCRACY IN THE UNITED STATES, 1795–1805
CHAPTER X. THE SECOND PERIOD OF COMMERCIAL ANTAGONISM, 1805–1812
CHAPTER XI
THE WAR FOR "SAILORS' RIGHTS" AND WESTWARD EXPANSION, 1812–1815
CHAPTER XII
END OF THE ANTAGONISM: A CENTURY OF PEACE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
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Theodore Clarke Smith
Published by Good Press, 2019
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In 1761 George III tried to induce Parliament to accept the leadership of the Earl of Bute, his former tutor, who had never held public office; but his rapid rise to the Premiership aroused such jealousy among the nobility and such unpopularity among the people that the unfortunate Scot quailed before the storm of ridicule and abuse. He resigned in 1763, and was succeeded by Grenville, who instantly showed George III that he would take no dictation. On the contrary, {36} he drove the King to the point of fury by his masterfulness. In desperation, George then turned to the Marquis of Rockingham who, if equally determined to decline royal dictation, was personally less offensive to him; and there came in a Ministry of the usual type, all noblemen but two minor members, and all belonging to "connections" different from those of the Grenville Ministry. Thus it was that, when the unanimous defiance of the Americans reached England, the Ministers responsible for the colonial reforms were out of office, and the Rockingham Whigs had assumed control, feeling no obligation to continue anything begun by their predecessors. George III's interposition was responsible for this situation.
When Parliament met in January, 1766, the colonists received powerful allies, first in the British merchants, who petitioned against the Act as causing the practical stoppage of American purchases, and second in William Pitt, who, in a burning speech, embraced in full the colonists' position, and declared that a parliamentary tax upon the plantations was absolutely contrary to the rights of Englishmen. He "rejoiced that America has resisted." This radical position found few followers; but the Whig Ministry, after some hesitation, decided to grant the colonial demands while insisting {37} on the imperial rights of Parliament. This characteristically English action was highly distasteful to the majority in the House of Lords, who voted to execute the law, and to George III, who disliked to yield to mutinous subjects; but they were forced to give way. The Stamp Act was repealed, and the sugar duties were reduced to a low figure. At the same time a Declaratory Act was passed, asserting that Parliament had full power to bind the colonies "in all cases whatsoever." Thus the Americans had their way in part, while submitting to seeing their arguments rejected.
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