The History of Chemistry

The History of Chemistry
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"The History of Chemistry" spans a period from very old times to the modern era. Since several millennia BC, civilizations were using technologies that would eventually form the basis of the various branches of chemistry. Chemistry was preceded by its protoscience, alchemy, which is an intuitive but non-scientific approach to understanding the constituents of matter and their interactions. It was unsuccessful in explaining the nature of matter and its transformations, but, by performing experiments and recording the results, alchemists set the stage for modern chemistry. While both alchemy and chemistry are concerned with matter and its transformations, the crucial difference was given by the scientific method that chemists employed in their work. Chemistry is considered to have become an established science with the work of Antoine Lavoisier, who developed a law of conservation of mass that demanded careful measurement and quantitative observations of chemical phenomena. The object of this work is to present a comprehensive overview of the progress of chemistry, from its first rude and modest beginnings till it has reached its modern state of importance as one of the leading sciences. Volume 1: Of Alchymy Of the Chemical Knowledge Possessed by the Ancients Chemistry of the Arabians Of the Progress of Chemistry under Paracelsus and His Disciples Of Van Helmont and the Iatro-Chemists Of Agricola and Metallurgy Of Glauber, Lemery, and Some Other Chemists of the End of the Seventeenth Century Of the Attempts to Establish a Theory in Chemistry Of the Foundation and Progress of Scientific Chemistry in Great Britain Volume 2: Of the Foundation and Progress of Scientific Chemistry in Great Britain Of the Progress of Philosophical Chemistry in Sweden Progress of Scientific Chemistry in France Progress of Analytical Chemistry Of Electro-Chemistry Of the Atomic Theory Of the Present State of Chemistry

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Thomas Thomson. The History of Chemistry

The History of Chemistry

Table of Contents

Volume 1

Table of Contents

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I. OF ALCHYMY

CHAPTER II. OF THE CHEMICAL KNOWLEDGE POSSESSED BY THE ANCIENTS

I

II.—COLOURS USED BY PAINTERS

III.—GLASS

IV.—VASA MURRHINA

V.—DYEING AND CALICO-PRINTING

VI.—SOAP

VII.—STARCH

VIII.—BEER

IX.—STONEWARE

X.—PRECIOUS STONES AND MINERALS

XI.—MISCELLANEOUS OBSERVATIONS

CHAPTER III. CHEMISTRY OF THE ARABIANS

CHAPTER IV. OF THE PROGRESS OF CHEMISTRY UNDER PARACELSUS AND HIS DISCIPLES

CHAPTER V. OF VAN HELMONT AND THE IATRO-CHEMISTS

CHAPTER VI. OF AGRICOLA AND METALLURGY

CHAPTER VII. OF GLAUBER, LEMERY, AND SOME OTHER CHEMISTS OF THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

CHAPTER VIII. OF THE ATTEMPTS TO ESTABLISH A THEORY IN CHEMISTRY

In the Ephemerides

In the Miscellania Berolinensia

He published separately,

CHAPTER IX. OF THE FOUNDATION AND PROGRESS OF SCIENTIFIC CHEMISTRY IN GREAT BRITAIN

FOOTNOTES:

I.—Verba secretorum Hermetis Trismegisti

II.—Descriptio Arcanorum Hermetis Trismegisti

Volume 2

Table of Contents

CHAPTER I. OF THE FOUNDATION AND PROGRESS OF SCIENTIFIC CHEMISTRY IN GREAT BRITAIN

CHAPTER II. OF THE PROGRESS OF PHILOSOPHICAL CHEMISTRY IN SWEDEN

CHAPTER III. PROGRESS OF SCIENTIFIC CHEMISTRY IN FRANCE

CHAPTER IV. PROGRESS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

CHAPTER V. OF ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY

CHAPTER VI. OF THE ATOMIC THEORY

CHAPTER VII. OF THE PRESENT STATE OF CHEMISTRY

FOOTNOTES:

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Thomas Thomson

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.....

6. Take this mercurial spirit, which contains our magical steel in its belly, put it into a glass retort, to which a receiver must be well and carefully luted: draw off the spirit by a very gentle heat, there will remain in the bottom of the retort the quintessence or soul of mercury; this is to be sublimed by applying a stronger heat to the retort that it may become volatile, as all the philosophers express themselves—Si fixum solvas faciesque volare solutum,

Et volucrum figas faciet te vivere tutum.

.....

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