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Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War
HISTORY OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR
Introduction
Contents
CHAPTER I. The State of Greece from the earliest Times to the Commencement of the Peloponnesian War
CHAPTER II. Causes of the War—The Affair of Epidamnus—The Affair of Potidæa
CHAPTER III. Congress of the Peloponnesian Confederacy at Lacedæmon
CHAPTER IV. From the end of the Persian to the beginning of the Peloponnesian War—The Progress from Supremacy to Empire
CHAPTER V. Second Congress at Lacedæmon —Preparations for War and Diplomatic Skirmishes—Cylon — Pausanias—Themistocles
CHAPTER VI. Beginning of the Peloponnesian War—First Invasion of Attica — Funeral Oration of Pericles
CHAPTER VII. Second Year of the War—The Plague of Athens— Position and Policy of Pericles—Fall ofPotidœa
CHAPTER VIII. Third Year of the War—Investment of Platæa—Naval Victories of Phormio—Thracian Irruption into Macedonia under Sitalces
CHAPTER IX. Fourth and Fifth Years of the War—Revolt of Mitylene
CHAPTER X. Fifth Year of the War—Trial and Execution of the Platæans—Corcyrcean Revolution
CHAPTER XI. Sixth Year of the War—Campaigns of Demosthenes in Western Greece—Ruin of Ambracia
CHAPTER XII. Seventh Year of the War—Occupation of Pylos—Surrender of the Spartan Army in Sphacteria
CHAPTER XIII. Seventh and Eighth Years of the War—End of Corcyræan Revolution—Peace of Gela —Capture ofNisæa
CHAPTER XIV. Eighth and Ninth Years of the War—Invasion ofBœotia— Fall of Amphipolis—Brilliant Successes of Brasidas
CHAPTER XV. Tenth Year of the War—Death of Cleon and Brasidas—Peace of Nicias
CHAPTER XVI. Feeling against Sparta in Peloponnese—League of the Mantineans, Eleans, Argives, and Athenians—Battle of Mantinea and Breaking up of the League
CHAPTER XVII. Sixteenth Year of the War— The Melian Conference— Fate of Melos
CHAPTER XVIII. Seventeenth Year of the War—The Sicilian Campaign— Affair of the Hermæ—Departure of the Expedition
CHAPTER XIX. Seventeenth Year of the War—Parties at Syracuse—Story of Harmodius and Aristogiton — Disgrace ofAlcibiades
CHAPTER XX. Seventeenth and Eighteenth Years of the War—Inaction of the Athenian Army—Alcibiades at Sparta —Investment of Syracuse
CHAPTER XXI. Eighteenth and Nineteenth Years of the War—Arrival of Gylippus at Syracuse—Fortification of Decelea—Successes of the Syracusans
CHAPTER XXII. Nineteenth Year of the War—Arrival of Demosthenes—Defeat of the Athenians at Epipolæ—Folly and Obstinancy of Nicias
CHAPTER XXIII. Nineteenth Year of the War—Battles in the Great Harbour—Retreat and Annihilation of the Athenian Army
CHAPTER XXIV. Nineteenth and Twentieth Years of the War—Revolt of Ionia—Intervention of Persia—The War in Ionia
CHAPTER XXV. Twentieth and Twenty-first Years of the War—Intrigues of Alcibiades—Withdrawal of the Persian Subsidies—Oligarchical Coup d’État at Athens—Patriotism of the Army at Samos
CHAPTER XXVI. Twenty-first Year of the War—Recall of Alcibiades to Samos—Revolt ofEubœa and Downfall of the Four Hundred—Battle of Cynossema
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The next day the thirty Athenian vessels put out to sea, accompanied by all the Corcyræan ships that were seaworthy, and sailed to the harbour at Sybota, where the Corinthians lay, to see if they would engage. The Corinthians put out from the land, and formed a line in the open sea, but beyond this made no further movement, having no intention of assuming the offensive. For they saw reinforcements arrived fresh from Athens, and themselves confronted by numerous difficulties, such as the necessity of guarding the prisoners whom they had on board, and the want of all means of refitting their ships in a desert place. What they were thinking more about was how their voyage home was to be effected; they feared that the Athenians might consider that the treaty was dissolved by the collision which had occurred, and forbid their departure. Accordingly they resolved to put some men on board a boat, and send them without a herald’s wand to the Athenians, as an experiment. Having done so, they spoke as follows: ‘You do wrong, Athenians, to begin war and break the treaty. Engaged in chastising our enemies, we find you placing yourselves in our path in arms against us. Now if your intentions are to prevent us sailing to Corcyra, or anywhere else that we may wish, and if you are for breaking the treaty, first take us that are here, and treat us as enemies/ Such was what they said, and all the Corcyræan armament that were within hearing immediately called out to take them and kill them. But the Athenians answered as follows: ‘Neither are we beginning war, Peloponnesians, nor are we breaking the treaty; but these Corcyræans are our allies, and we are come to help them. So if you want to sail anywhere else, we place no obstacle in your way; but if you are going to sail against Corcyra, or any of her possessions, we shall do our best to stop you.’
Receiving this answer from the Athenians, the Corinthians commenced preparations for their voyage home, and set up a trophy in Sybota, on the continent; while the Corcyræans took up the wrecks and dead that had been carried out to them by the current, and by a wind which rose in the night and scattered them in all directions, and set up their trophy in Sybota, on the island, as victors. The reasons each side had for claiming the victory were these. The Corinthians had been victorious in the sea-fight until night; and having thus been enabled to carry off most wrecks and dead, they were in possession of no fewer than a thousand prisoners of war, and had sunk close upon seventy vessels. The Corcyræans had destroyed about thirty ships, and after the arrival of the Athenians had taken up the wrecks and dead on their side; they had besides seen the Corinthians retire before them, backing water on sight of the Athenian vessels, and upon the arrival of the Athenians refuse to sail out against them from Sybota. Thus both sides claimed the victory.
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