Authority Figures

Authority Figures
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In Authority Figures , Torrey Shanks uncovers the essential but largely unappreciated place of rhetoric in John Locke’s political and philosophical thought. Locke’s well-known hostility to rhetoric has obscured an important debt to figural and inventive language. Here, Shanks traces the close ties between rhetoric and experience as they form the basis for a theory and practice of judgment at the center of Locke’s work. Rhetoric and experience come together, for Locke, to reorient readers’ relation to the past in order to open up alternative political futures. Recognizing this debt sets the stage for a new understanding of the Two Treatises of Government , in which the material and creative force of language is necessary for political critique. Authority Figures draws together political theory and philosophy, the history of science and of rhetoric, and philosophy of language and literary theory to offer an interpretation of Locke’s political thought that shows the ongoing importance of rhetoric for new modes of critique in the seventeenth century. Locke’s thought offers up insights for rethinking the relationship of rhetoric and experience to political critique, as well as the intersections of language and materialism.

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Torrey Shanks. Authority Figures

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AUTHORITY FIGURES

RHETORIC AND EXPERIENCE

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These more nuanced and complex accounts of rhetoric in the work of Hobbes and the New Science signal the inadequacy of “the rhetoric against rhetoric” to capture the relation of rhetoric to these philosophical, scientific, and political transformations. Locke, however, differs in significant ways from both Hobbes and Sprat. Sprat rightly does not enjoy the philosophical significance of Locke or Hobbes and Sprat’s History is guided by practical goals of generating support for the Royal Society from church and state. Hobbes takes on (in both senses of the phrase) the rhetorical tradition in more obvious and extended ways than does Locke. Moreover, Hobbes launched a powerful critique of prevailing political assumptions, but he actively sought to obstruct such a critical sensibility in individuals. In substance and in style, examining the role of rhetoric in Locke’s philosophical and political thought poses a different set of challenges and possibilities. His engagement with rhetoric is less obvious, to begin with. However, his particular interest in resistance to authority makes his work an even more important site in which to consider the relationship of rhetoric to political critique. To do so is to consider political critique not only as practiced by the theorist but also as theorized as a capacity of the individual and the political community.

In light of these challenges, it is not surprising that the attention given to Locke’s relationship to rhetoric, albeit limited, primarily focuses on his comments in the Essay and usually arises as a question for philosophy rather than for politics, though one more often raised by literary scholars than by philosophers. Locke’s claim that knowledge comes from experience in the Essay is taken as the basis for an apparent hostility to rhetoric cast as a wayward and disruptive influence on the understanding. These positions, furthermore, have been construed as evidence of his “apparent indifference, and presumed hostility, towards the realm of the aesthetic,” discouraging further inquiry into his rhetorical engagements.29

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