Оглавление
Tracey Temple. Global Approaches to Environmental Management on Military Training Ranges
Contents
Acknowledgements
Editor biographies
Contributors
Message from the editors
Abbreviations
Introduction: a global approach to environmental management on military training ranges. Melissa K Ladyman and Tracey J Temple
References
IOP Publishing. Global Approaches to Environmental Management on Military Training Ranges. Tracey J Temple and Melissa K Ladyman. Chapter 1. Scientific principles of environmental management. I Bortone, F Coulon, W Fawcett-Hirst, M Ladyman and T Temple
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Contextualising military training environments
1.3 Behaviour of explosives in the environment
1.3.1 Nitramine explosives
1.3.2 Nitroaromatic explosives
1.3.3 Propellants
1.3.4 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one
1.4 Predicting environmental behaviour of explosives
1.4.1 Laboratory experiments
Rate of dissolution
Mass balance
Degradation
1.4.2 Computational modelling
Advection and dispersion processes
1.4.3 Transformation and reaction processes
1.5 Conclusion
References
IOP Publishing. Global Approaches to Environmental Management on Military Training Ranges. Tracey J Temple and Melissa K Ladyman. Chapter 2. Characterization of soils on military training ranges. Michael R Walsh, Marianne E Walsh, Charles A Ramsey, Matthew F Bigl and Samuel A Beal
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Background
2.3 Steps in the multi-increment sampling process
2.3.1 Sample quality criteria
2.3.2 Material properties
2.3.3 Theory of sampling
Fundamental sampling error
Grouping and segregation error
Materialization error
2.3.4 Data evaluation and inference
2.4 Error and error reduction
2.4.1 Magnitude of error
2.4.2 Controlling for error
2.4.3 Other sources of error
2.4.4 Minimizing sampling error
2.5 Sampling
2.5.1 Objectives
2.5.2 Sampling
The decision unit
Collecting a sample
Quality assurance
2.5.3 Sources of error (see section 2.4)
2.5.4 Best practices
2.6 Sampling on snow and ice—a special case
2.7 Sample processing and analysis
2.7.1 How to process multi-increment soil samples to determine energetics
2.7.2 Summary of the sources of error
2.7.3 Analytical processes
2.8 Conclusion
References
IOP Publishing. Global Approaches to Environmental Management on Military Training Ranges. Tracey J Temple and Melissa K Ladyman. Chapter 3. Hydrologeological characterization of military training ranges and production of maps for land management. Richard Martel and Sylvie Brochu. 3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Well location
3.1.2 Preparation of drilling sites and safety procedures
3.1.3 Drilling methods and cleaning procedures
3.1.4 Well components
3.1.5 Well development
3.1.6 Water level measurements
3.1.7 Well purging and groundwater sampling
3.1.8 Analytical methods and quality control
3.1.9 Hydraulic conductivity testing (slug tests)
3.1.10 Conclusion
3.2 Production of maps for land management of range training areas. 3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Aquifer vulnerability
3.2.3 Hazard
Frequency index
Dangerousness index
Surface area index
Hazard index
3.2.4 Risk
3.2.5 Vulnerability of potential receptors
3.2.6 Conclusions
References
IOP Publishing. Global Approaches to Environmental Management on Military Training Ranges. Tracey J Temple and Melissa K Ladyman. Chapter 4. Analysis of explosives in the environment. N Mai, J-F Pons, D McAteer and P P Gill
4.1 Sample preparation
4.2 Detection and chemical analysis of explosives
4.2.1 Spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques. Fourier transform infra-red and Raman spectroscopy
Ion mobility spectrometry
Mass spectrometry
4.2.2 Chromatographic techniques
Gas chromatography
Liquid chromatography techniques
4.3 Conclusion
References
IOP Publishing. Global Approaches to Environmental Management on Military Training Ranges. Tracey J Temple and Melissa K Ladyman. Chapter 5. Environmental management of military ranges with the support of a life-cycle assessment approach. C Ferreira, F Freire and J Ribeiro. 5.1 Introduction
5.2 Life-cycle assessment methodology
5.2.1 Barriers for assessing the toxicological impacts on military ranges with the life-cycle assessment methodology
5.2.2 USEtox method
5.3 Life-cycle assessment of the use of ammunition in military ranges
5.3.1 Description of the generic munition and inventory
5.3.2 Impact assessment
Toxicological impacts associated with the firing emissions
Toxicological impacts associated with the detonation emissions
Toxicological impacts associated with UXO
5.4 Discussion of the application of life-cycle assessment methodology to manage military ranges
References
IOP Publishing. Global Approaches to Environmental Management on Military Training Ranges. Tracey J Temple and Melissa K Ladyman. Chapter 6. Hazard assessment of exposure to ammunition-related constituents and combustion products. Monique van Hulst, Jan P Langenberg and Wim P C de Klerk
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Approaches to performing experiments, analyses and evaluations. 6.2.1 In silico prediction of emitted products
6.2.2 Laboratory and field testing. Ammunition
6.2.3 Military smokes
6.2.4 Sampling and analysis
6.3 Hazard assessment and evaluation. 6.3.1 General background/desktop approaches
Extrapolation to humans
6.3.2 In vitro approaches
Cell types
Read-out parameters
Extrapolation to humans
6.3.3 In vivo approaches
Protocolled animal studies
Extrapolation to humans
6.4 Recommendations and way forward
6.4.1 Prediction of emitted products
6.4.2 Recommendations for experimental setup and analysis
6.4.3 Developments in toxicity assessment
References
IOP Publishing. Global Approaches to Environmental Management on Military Training Ranges. Tracey J Temple and Melissa K Ladyman. Chapter 7. Review of remediation technologies for energetics contamination in the US. Harry D Craig
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Background. 7.2.1 Analysis of energetic materials in environmental media
7.2.2 Toxicology summary for energetic materials
7.2.3 Development of risk screening levels (RSLs) for energetic materials in soils and groundwater
7.3 Remedial technologies for energetic materials and co-contaminants. 7.3.1 Development and scale-up of remediation technologies
7.3.2 Incineration
7.3.3 Composting
Principle of operation
Technology development
Windrow composting
Advantages and limitations
Technology cost drivers
7.3.4 Ex situ and in situ biological/chemical reduction—DARAMEND process
7.3.5 Alkaline hydrolysis (AH)
7.3.6 Solidification/stabilization (S/S)
7.3.7 Pump and treat w/granular activated carbon (GAC)
Umatilla Army Depot groundwater treatment system
7.3.8 In situ bioremediation (ISB) Groundwater in situ bioremediation
Soils in situ bioremediation (ISB)
7.4 Conclusions and further work
References
IOP Publishing. Global Approaches to Environmental Management on Military Training Ranges. Tracey J Temple and Melissa K Ladyman. Chapter 8. Characterization and monitoring of energetic compounds on training ranges: case studies in Alaska, United States. Samuel A Beal, Tom A Douglas, Gary W Larsen, Matthew F Bigl, Marianne E Walsh and Michael R Walsh
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Studied ranges
8.3 Methods
8.4 Results and discussion
8.4.1 Range activities
8.4.2 Potential point sources
Low-order detonations
Propellant burn site
8.4.3 Fate and transport on ranges
Firing points
Low-order craters over time
Groundwater and surface water monitoring
8.5 Conclusion
References
IOP Publishing. Global Approaches to Environmental Management on Military Training Ranges. Tracey J Temple and Melissa K Ladyman. Chapter 9. Heavy metal contamination on small arms shooting ranges. R Keiser and O Hausheer
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Methods for contaminated site management
9.2.1 Historical investigation
9.2.2 Technical investigation
9.2.3 Risk assessment
9.2.4 Remediation concept
9.3 Pollutant management techniques
9.3.1 Improve construction properties of artificial backstops
9.3.2 Drainage systems
9.3.3 Avoid protected areas
9.3.4 Adapt military training exercises to the terrain
9.3.5 Correct maintenance and appropriate use of shooting ranges
9.4 Case study shooting range, Flumserberg, Switzerland
9.5 Discussion and conclusion
References
IOP Publishing. Global Approaches to Environmental Management on Military Training Ranges. Tracey J Temple and Melissa K Ladyman. Chapter 10. Metal and energetics survey of the Borris shooting range, Denmark. Philip de Lasson
10.1 Introduction
10.2 History of Borris shooting range
10.3 Conducting the survey. 10.3.1 Background
10.3.2 Purpose
10.3.3 Scope
Artillery firing position
Impact area artillery
Anti-tank range
Burn site surplus artillery propellant
Hand grenade range
Omme Å stream
10.4 Compounds
10.5 Sampling. 10.5.1 Artillery firing position. Soil
Water
10.5.2 Impact area artillery. Soil
Water
10.5.3 Anti-tank range. Soil
Water
10.5.4 Burn site surplus artillery propellant. Soil
Water
10.5.5 Hand grenade range. Soil
Water
10.5.6 Omme Å stream. Water and soil
10.6 Results. 10.6.1 Artillery firing position. Soil
Water
10.6.2 Impact area artillery. Soil
Water
10.6.3 Anti-tank range. Soil
Water
10.6.4 Burn site surplus artillery propellant. Soil
Water
10.6.5 Hand grenade range. Soil
Water
10.6.6 Omme Å stream. Soil
Water
10.7 Assessment
10.7.1 Artillery firing position
10.7.2 Impact area artillery
10.7.3 Anti-tank range
10.7.4 Burn site surplus artillery propellant
10.7.5 Hand grenade range
10.7.6 Omme Å stream
10.8 Conclusion
IOP Publishing. Global Approaches to Environmental Management on Military Training Ranges. Tracey J Temple and Melissa K Ladyman. Chapter 11. Mitigation of the environmental footprint of a munition. S Thiboutot, R Martel, S Brochu and Michael R Walsh
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Development of field demilitarization methods in Canada and the USA for the destruction of the excess artillery gun propellant. 11.2.1 Introduction
11.2.2 Field demilitarization method for excess gun propellants/Canadian fixed tool
11.3 Introduction
11.3.1 Canadian bullet catcher
11.3.2 Summary
11.4 The development of reactive membranes for adsorption of heavy metals and energetic materials. 11.4.1 Introduction
11.4.2 Methodology
11.4.3 Results
11.4.4 Summary
11.5 Investigations on the efficiency of remedial methods for energetic materials: dithionite and lime. 11.5.1 Introduction
11.5.2 Testing of remediation technologies
11.5.3 Summary
11.6 Conclusions
References
IOP Publishing. Global Approaches to Environmental Management on Military Training Ranges. Tracey J Temple and Melissa K Ladyman. Chapter 12. Environmental assessment at a Brazilian Army site. M E S Marques, E B F Galante, M M Reis and M C Barbosa
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Case study
12.2.1 Methodology
12.2.2 Results and reports
12.2.3 Polluting materials from ammunition detonation
12.2.4 Soil survey
12.2.5 Vegetation survey
12.2.6 Propagation of shock waves
12.3 Conclusions
References
IOP Publishing. Global Approaches to Environmental Management on Military Training Ranges. Tracey J Temple and Melissa K Ladyman. Chapter 13. Bushfire management (Australia) L Brennan
13.1 Background
13.2 Outline of the Defence Estate
13.3 Defence bushfire management policy
13.4 Case study Marrangaroo/State Mine Fire 2013
13.4.1 Implementations of automatic weather stations
13.4.2 Memorandum of understanding agreements
13.4.3 Wildfire competency for range control officers
13.5 Service delivery model for bushfire management
13.6 Bushfire Management Yampi Sound Training Area
13.7 Conclusion
References
IOP Publishing. Global Approaches to Environmental Management on Military Training Ranges. Tracey J Temple and Melissa K Ladyman. Chapter 14. Greener or insensitive munitions: selecting the best option. Sylvie Brochu
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Matrix selection criteria
14.3 Insensitive munitions
14.4 Environmental properties
14.4.1 Human toxicity
14.4.2 Ecotoxicity
14.4.3 Bioavailability
14.4.4 Leaching
14.4.5 Degradation
14.4.6 Recycling
14.5 Costs
14.6 Technical feasibility
14.7 Performance
14.8 Final selection
14.9 Conclusions
References
