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U. P. Hedrick. Manual of American Grape-Growing
Manual of American Grape-Growing
Table of Contents
PREFACE
PLATES
FIGURES IN THE TEXT
MANUAL OF AMERICAN GRAPE-GROWING
CHAPTER I
The European Grape
American Grapes
The Labrusca or fox-grapes
The Rotundifolia or Muscadine grapes
The Æstivalis or summer-grapes
The Vulpina or river-bank grapes
Domesticated species of minor importance
CHAPTER II
The Grape Regions of America
The Pacific slope
The Chautauqua grape-belt
The Niagara region
The Central Lakes region of New York
Minor grape regions
The Determinants of Grape Regions
Climate
Length of season
The seasonal sum of heat
Humidity of summer weather
Spring and autumn frosts
The use of weather data and dates of life events of the grape
Winter temperature
Air currents
Soils for grapes
The ideal soil
Drainage
Soil adaptations
Insects and fungi
Commercial factors
Accessibility to markets
General versus local markets
Labor
Vineyard sites
Proximity to water
The lay of the land
Exposures
CHAPTER III
Seedlings
Dormant Cuttings
Time to make cuttings
Selecting cutting wood
Making the cutting
Single-eye cuttings
Herbaceous Cuttings
Layering
Dormant wood layering
Green wood layering
Layering to fill vacancies in the vineyard
Grafting
Vineyard grafting in eastern America
Vineyard grafting on the Pacific slope
Bench grafting
Preparation of cuttings
Tongue grafting
Wire grafting
Making bundles
Grafting rooted cuttings
The callusing bed
Care in the nursery
Nursery versus home-grown vines
"Pedigreed" Grape Vines
CHAPTER IV
Resistant species and varieties
Adaptations of Resistant Stocks to Soils and Climates
Affinity of stock and cion
Proper Planting of Grafted Vines
Influence of the Stocks on the Cion
Influence of stocks on European grapes summarized
Influence of stocks on American grapes
Direct Producers
CHAPTER V
Laying Out the Vineyard
Direction of rows
Alleys
Distances between rows and plants
Preparation for Planting
Drainage
Fitting the land
Marking for planting
Selecting and Preparing the Vines
Selecting vines
Handling and preparing the vines
Planting
Digging the holes
Time to plant
The operation of planting
Care of Young Vines
The first year
The second year
Catch-crops and Cover-crops
Catch-crops
Cover-crops
Tillage
Tillage tools
Tillage methods
Irrigation
CHAPTER VI
An Experiment in Fertilizing Grapes
Tests at Fredonia
Coöperative experiments
Practical lessons from the Fredonia experiment
Only vineyards in good condition respond to fertilizers
A vineyard soil may have a one-sided wear
Grape soils are often uneven
How a grape-grower may know when his vines need fertilizers
Applying fertilizers
Over-rich soils
CHAPTER VII
Pruning and Training Distinguished
Results attained in pruning to regulate the crop
Results attained in pruning to regulate the vine
Some Principles of Pruning
Pruning for wood
Pruning for fruit
The manner of fruit-bearing in the grape
Horizontal versus perpendicular canes
Winter-pruning
Summer-pruning
Renewing Fruiting Wood
Cane renewals
Spur renewal
The Work of Pruning
The Trellis
Posts
Wire for the trellis
Tying
CHAPTER VIII
The disposition of shoots
Disposition of canes
CLASSIFICATION OF METHODS OF TRAINING THE GRAPE IN EASTERN AMERICA
I. Shoots upright
The Chautauqua Arm method
Keuka High Renewal
Fan-training
II. Shoots drooping
Single-stem, Four-cane Kniffin
Umbrella Kniffin
The Two-trunk Kniffin
The Y-trunk Kniffin
The Munson method
III. Shoots horizontal. Hudson horizontal
Training on Arbors, Pergolas and as Ornamentals
Pruning and Training Muscadine Grapes
Rejuvenating Old Vines
CHAPTER IX
Vine Pruning in California[16]
Periods of development
Before planting
First growing season
First winter pruning
Staking
Second summer pruning
Second winter pruning
Third summer pruning
Third winter pruning
Pruning after the third winter
Fan-shaped vines
Double-headed vines
Vertical and bowed canes
Vertical cordons
Horizontal cordons
Choice of a system
CHAPTER X
European Grapes at the New York Experiment Station[17]
Details of care
Pruning
General considerations
Varieties
CHAPTER XI
The Grapery
The border
Varieties
Planting and Training
Care of the Vines
Pests
CHAPTER XII
Insect Pests
Phylloxera
The grape root-worm
The grape-vine flea-beetle
The rose-chafer
The grape leaf-hopper
The grape-berry moth
Insect pests of minor importance
Fungous Diseases of the Grape
Black-rot
Downy-mildew
Powdery-mildew
Anthracnose
Dead-arm disease
Shelling
Diseases of minor importance
Control of Insects and Diseases
Vineyard sanitation
Spraying
CHAPTER XIII
Harvesting in the East and North
Pickers
Time to pick
Picking appliances
Picking accounts
Packing-houses and their appliances
Grading grapes
Grape packages in eastern grape regions
Packing
Storing grapes
Harvesting and Handling Muscadine Grapes
Returns from Muscadine grapes
Handling the Grape in California
Careful handling
Shipping packages
Shipping
Marketing
Vineyard Returns
CHAPTER XIV
Wine
Wine-making
Champagne
The vintage
Prices paid for wine grapes
Grape-juice
Grape-juice regions
Commercial methods of making grape-juice
Home methods of making grape-juice
Raisins
Dipping and scalding raisins
Packing raisins
Classes of raisins
Seeded raisins
Grape-vinegar
By-products of Grape Industries
Pomace
Cream-of-tartar
Seeds
Domestic Uses for Grapes
CHAPTER XV
Grape Hybrids
Improvement by selection
New varieties from sports
Hybridizing the Grape
How to hybridize
Choosing the parents
Results of Grape-breeding
CHAPTER XVI
Cross-pollination
Blooming dates of grapes
Ringing Grape Vines
Bagging Grapes
Winter-protection of Grapes
Ripening Dates and Length of Season for Grapes
CHAPTER XVII
Plant Characters and Growth Habits of the Grape
The root
The stem
The bud
The leaf
The fruit
The seed
The Genus Vitis
Species of American Grapes
CHAPTER XVIII
Actoni
Agawam
Almeria
America
Aminia
August Giant
Bacchus
Bakator
Barry
Beacon
Berckmans
Black Eagle
Black Hamburg
Black Malvoise
Black Morocco
Brighton
Brilliant
Brown
Campbell Early
Canada
Canandaigua
Carman
Catawba
Champion
Chasselas Golden
Chasselas Rose
Chautauqua
Clevener
Clinton
Colerain
Columbian Imperial
Concord
Cottage
Creveling
Croton
Cunningham
Cynthiana
Delaware
Diamond
Diana
Downing
Dracut Amber
Dutchess
Early Daisy
Early Ohio
Early Victor
Eaton
Eclipse
Eden
Eldorado
Elvira
Emperor
Empire State
Etta
Eumelan
Faith
Feher Szagos
Fern Munson
Flame Tokay
Flowers
Gaertner
Geneva
Goethe
Gold Coin
Green Early
Grein Golden
Gros Colman
Hartford
Hayes
Headlight
Herbemont
Herbert
Hercules
Hicks
Hidalgo
Highland
Hopkins
Hosford
Hybrid Franc
Ideal
Iona
Isabella
Isabella Seedling
Israella
Ives
James
Janesville
Jefferson
Jessica
Jewel
Kensington
King
Lady
Lady Washington
Lenoir
Lignan Blanc
Lindley
Lucile
Lutie
Malaga
McPike
Marion
Martha
Massasoit
Maxatawney
Memory
Merrimac
Mills
Mish
Mission
Missouri Riesling
Montefiore
Moore Early
Moscatello
Moyer
Muscatel
Muscat Hamburg
Muscat of Alexandria
Niagara
Noah
Northern Muscadine
Norton
Oporto
Othello
Ozark
Palomino
Peabody
Perfection
Perkins
Pocklington
Poughkeepsie
Prentiss
Purple Cornichon
Rebecca
Red Eagle
Regal
Requa
Rochester
Rommel
Rosaki
Rose of Peru
Salem
Scuppernong
Secretary
Senasqua
Sultana
Sultanina
Taylor
Triumph
Ulster
Verdal
Vergennes
Walter
Wilder
Winchell
Woodruff
Worden
Wyoming
FOOTNOTES:
INDEX
Отрывок из книги
U. P. Hedrick
Published by Good Press, 2019
.....
The profitable grape regions of the country have all been established in regions comparatively free from grape insects and fungi. If pests came later in considerable numbers, the industry, in the old days, perished. Here and there in the agricultural regions of the country may be found a sorry company of halt and maimed vines, remnants of once flourishing vineyards, brought to their miserable condition by some scourge of insects or fungi. The advent of spraying and of better knowledge of the habits of the pests has greatly lessened the importance of parasites as a factor in determining the value of a region for grape-growing; but even in the light of the new knowledge, it is not wise to go against Nature in regions where pests are strongly intrenched.
The dominant factors that lead to the planting of large areas to any one fruit are often economic ones; as transportation, markets, labor, facilities for making by-products, and opportunity to join in buying and selling organizations. All of these factors play an important part in determining the bounds of grape regions, but a lesser part than in the establishment of large areas of other fruits, for the reason that the grape is so largely grown for raisins, wine, champagne and grape-juice, products condensed in form, made with little labor, easily transported, which keep long and find ready market at any time. Again, where natural conditions are favorable for grape-growing, the crop comes almost as a gift from Nature; whereas, if the grower must breast the blows of unfavorable natural circumstances, no matter how favorable the economic factors may be, the vineyard is seldom profitable. Natural factors, therefore, outweigh economic ones in grape-growing, but the latter must be considered in seeking a site for a vineyard, a task discussed under several heads to follow.
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