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Umashankar Subramaniam. Smart Grids and Micro-Grids
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Smart Grids and Microgrid. Technology Evolution
Preface
1. A Comprehensive Analysis of Numerical Techniques for Estimation of Solar PV Parameters Under Dynamic Environmental Condition
Abstract
Nomenclature
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Mathematical Model of Solar PV
1.2.1 Calculation of Vt, Rse and Rsh
1.2.2 Effect of Irradiance and Temperature
1.2.3 Estimation of Maximum Power Point
1.3 Numerical Techniques for Parameter Estimation
1.3.1 Gauss-Seidel Technique
1.3.2 Newton-Raphson (NR) Method
1.4 Results and Discussion
1.4.1 Simulation Results
1.4.2 Experimental Results
1.4.3 Comparative Analysis
1.5 Conclusion
References
2. Energy Storage System in Microgrid
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Need of ESS (Energy Storage Systems)
2.3 Available ESS (Energy Storage Systems) Technologies
2.3.1 Type of ESS (Energy Storage Systems)
2.3.2 Comparison of Storage Technologies
2.4 Power Electronics Converter in Microgrid
2.4.1 DC-DC Converter
2.4.2 DC-AC Inverter AC-DC Rectifier
2.4.3 AC-AC Converter
2.5 Control of Interfaced Converters
2.5.1 DC-DC Bidirectional Converter Interfacing DC-Microgrid
2.5.1.1 Modeling and Control of the Converter
2.5.1.2 Typical Case Study in MATLAB-Simulink
2.5.2 DC-AC VSI Interfacing AC-Microgrid
2.5.2.1 Modelling and Control of the VSI
2.5.2.3 Typical Case Study in MATLAB-Simulink
2.6 Conclusion
References
3. Economic Feasibility Studies of Simple and Discounted Payback Periods for 1 MWp Ground Mounted Solar PV Plant at Tirupati Airport
Abstract
3.1 Introduction. 3.1.1 Background and Motivation
3.1.2 Literature Review
3.1.3 Organization of the Paper
3.2 Application of the Technique. 3.2.1 Economic Evaluation
3.2.2 Solar PV Plant at Tirupati Airport
3.2.3 Solar PV Plant – Technical Specifications and Inventories
3.3 Result Analysis
3.3.1 Contribution of Solar Energy
3.3.2 Reduction in CO2 Emissions
3.3.3 Energy Savings with LEDs
3.3.4 Panel Efficiency Variation with Temperature
3.3.5 Estimation of Simple Payback Period (SPP)
3.3.6 Estimation of DPP
3.4 Conclusion
References
4. Impact of Reliability Indices for Planning Charging Station Load in a Distribution Network
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Background
4.3 Reliability Analysis of Distribution Network
4.4 Methodology for Allocating Charging Loads in the Test System
4.4.1 Mathematical Evaluation of the System Under Study
4.4.2 Formulation of Test Case Scenarios
4.5 Results and Discussions
4.5.1 Reliability Indices for Slow EV Chargers
4.5.2 Reliability Indices for Fast EV Chargers
4.5.3 Comparative Results of Slow and Fast EV Chargers in Evaluating Reliability Indices
4.5.4 Measures to Improve Reliability Indices in the Distribution Network
4.6 Conclusion
Nomenclature
Appendix
References
5. Investigation on Microgrid Control and Stability
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Microgrid Control
5.3 Microgrid Control Hierarchy
5.3.1 Primary Control
Power Controller
Voltage Controller
Current Controller
5.3.2 Secondary Control
5.3.3 Tertiary Control
5.3.4 Intelligent Control Methods
5.4 Control Techniques
5.4.1 Communication Based Control/Centralized Control
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
Wide area monitoring system (WAMS)
5.4.2 Conventional Droop Control
5.4.3 Improved Droop Control Methods. Angle Droop Control
Q-V’ Droop Control
Voltage Real Power Droop (VPD)/Frequency Reactive Power Boost (FQB) Droop Control
Virtual Impedance Droop Control
Adaptive Droop Control
Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM) Droop Control
5.4.4 Summary of Control Techniques
Highlights in AC Microgrid
Highlights in DC Microgrid
Highlights in Hybrid AC-DC Microgrid
5.5 Stability of Microgrids
5.5.1 Stability Classification
5.5.2 Power Balance Stability
5.5.3 Control System Stability
Effect of controller parameter variation on stability
5.6 Stability Analysis Techniques
5.7 Conclusions
References
6. Frequency Control in Microgrids Based on Fuzzy Coordinated Electric Vehicle Charging Station
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Microgrid System Framework and Component Description
6.2.1 Single-Diode PV System Characteristics and its Modelling
6.2.2 Modelling of an Electric Vehicle Charging Station (EVCS)
6.2.3 Grid Interfacing Units
6.3 Designing of the FL Controller for PEVs
6.4 PEVs Control Strategy
6.5 Simulation Results and Discussion
6.5.1 Detailed Analysis of Scenario 1
6.5.2 Detailed Analysis of Scenario 2
6.6 Conclusions
References
7. Role of Renewable Energy Sources and Storage Units in Smart Grids
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Concepts of Renewable Energy
7.3 Hydro Energy
7.4 Solar Power
7.5 Wind Energy
7.6 Geothermal Energy
7.7 Energy Storage in Smart Grids
Conclusion and Future Scope
Acknowledgement
References
8. Smart Grid in Indian Scenario
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Smart Grid Technologies
8.1.2 Why Smart Grid
8.1.3 Smart Grid Control and Automation
8.2 Smart Technologies in Smart Grid Implementation
8.2.1 Measuring and Sensing Technologies
8.2.2 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
8.2.3 Demand Side Management and Demand Response (DSM & DR)
8.2.4 Power Quality Management (PQM)
8.2.5 Outage Management System (OMS)
8.2.6 Advanced Power Electronics
8.2.7 Renewable Energy Integration
8.2.8 Microgrid
8.2.9 Wide Area Measurement Systems
8.2.10 Energy Storage Systems
8.2.11 Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV)
8.2.12 Integrated Communication Technologies (ICT)
8.2.13 Cyber Security
8.3 Implementation of Smart Grid Programs
8.3.1 Challenges and Issues of SG Implementation
8.3.2 Smart Grid Implementation in India: Puducherry Pilot Programs
8.3.3 Power Quality of the Smart Grid
8.4 Solar PV System Implementation in India
8.5 Summary
References
9. An FPGA Based Embedded Sytems for Online Monitoring and Power Management in a Standalone Micro-Grid
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 System Description
9.3 Test Cases of Mirco-Grid Controller
9.4 Signal Acquisition and Conditioning System
9.5 Online Monitoring System
9.6 Conclusion
References
10. Impact of Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids and Micro-Grids
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Microgrids in Electric Vehicle Technology
10.2.1 Microgrid
10.2.2 Microgrid Integration of EV with Distributed Generation
10.2.3 Electric Vehicle Management and Optimal Power Flow
10.3 Smart Grids in Electric Vehicle Technology
10.3.1 Smart Grid
10.4 Why Do We Need to Smarten Electricity Grids?
10.4.1 Electric Vehicle Charging Scheduling Through Smart Grids
10.4.2 Charging Stations Powered by Smart Grid
10.5 Challenges Faced with the Introduction of EVs
10.6 Current Trends in EV Technology in India
10.7 The Relevance of Smart Grids and Micro Grids in EV Technology in India
10.7.1 Relevance of Microgrids
10.7.2 The Relevance of Smart Grids
10.7.3 Issues and Recommendations: Grid Technology and EVs in India
10.7.4 Future Directions
10.8 Conclusion
References
11. Power Electronic Converters and Operational Analysis in Microgrid Environment
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 DC-DC Converters
11.2.1 Buck Converter
11.2.2 Boost Converter
11.2.3 Buck-Boost Converter
11.3 AC-DC Converters (Rectifiers)
11.3.1 Single Phase Diode Bridge Rectifier (SPDBR)
11.3.2 Single Phase Controlled Bridge Rectifier (SPCBR)
11.3.3 Three Phase Controlled Rectifier
11.3.4 Power Factor Correction Circuits (PFCs)
11.4 DC-AC Converters (Inverters)
11.4.1 Single Phase Two-Level Inverter (SPI)
11.4.2 Three Phase Inverter
11.4.3 Single Stage Inverters
11.4.4 Multilevel Inverters
11.5 AC-AC Converters
11.5.1 Single Phase AC-AC Voltage Controller
11.5.2 Single Phase Cycloconverter
11.6 Tools for Simulating Power Electronic Converters
11.6.1 MATLAB
11.6.2 PSPICE
11.6.3 PLECS
11.6.4 SABER
References
12. IoT Based Underground Cable Fault Detection
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Types of Fault in Underground Cables
12.2.1 Open Circuit Fault
12.2.2 Short Circuit Fault
12.2.3 Earth Fault
12.3 Fault Location Methods
12.3.1 Online Method
12.3.2 Offline Method
12.3.2.1 Murray Loop Test
12.3.2.2Varley Loop Test
12.3.2.3Cable Thumping
12.3.2.4Time Domain Reflectometer
12.3.2.5High Voltage RADAR Methods
12.4 Internet of Things
12.5 Fault Detection in Cable Through IoT
12.6 Conclusion
Annexure
References
13. A Architectural Approach to Smart Grid Technology
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Background of Power Grid
13.3 India’s Current Situation
13.4 Current Structure of Smart Grid
13.5 The Smart Grid
13.6 Smart Grid Components
13.6.1 Smart Meter
13.6.2 Distribution Automation
13.6.3 Management of the Request-Response
13.6.4 Demand Side Management
13.6.5 Intelligent Equipment
13.6.6 Transmission Automation
13.6.7 Vehicle Electric
13.6.8 Electric Storage
13.6.9 Sources of Renewable Energy
13.7 Smart Grid Indian Drivers
13.8 Smart Grid India’s Latest Initiative
13.9 Smart Grid Architecture Challenges and New Technologies
13.9.1 Power System Planning
13.10 Smart Grid Deployment Sophistication and Regular Organization
13.10.1 Difficulty and Limitations
13.10.2 Standard Organizations Related to Smart Grids
13.11 Intelligent Grid Design Approach
13.11.1 Smart Grid Concept Steps
13.11.2 Intelligent Grid Frame Function
13.12 Graphical Representation Review of Smart Grid Functionality
13.12.1 Architecture for IEC, Model and Demand System Response
13.12.2 Intelligent Grid Methods
13.13 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
14. Role of Telecommunication Technologies in Microgrids and Smart Grids
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The Role of Microgrid and Smart Grid Towards Technology Development. 14.2.1 Microgrid. 14.2.1.1 Smart Parking Lot Using a Microgrid Control System
14.2.1.2 Smart Community Microgrid (SCMG)
14.2.1.3 Intelligent Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Street Lighting System Using a Micro Distributed Energy Storage System
14.2.1.4 Residential Microgrid
14.2.2 Smart Grid. 14.2.2.1 Automated Meter Reading (AMR) and Smart Meter
14.2.2.2 Vehicle to Grid (V2G)
14.2.2.3 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)
14.2.2.4 Smart Sensors
14.2.2.5 Sensors and Actuator Network (SANET)
14.3 Research Challenges and Opportunities in Microgrid and Smart Grid. 14.3.1 Research Challenges in Microgrid
14.3.2 Research Challenges in Smart-Grid
14.3.3 Opportunities in Microgrid
14.3.4 Opportunities in Smart Grid
14.4 Solutions for Research Challenges and Future Trends. 14.4.1 Solutions
14.4.2 Future Trends in Microgrid and Smart Grid
14.5 Role of Effective Communication Strategies in Microgrids and Smart Grids
14.5.1 IoT in Microgrids and Smart Grids
14.5.2 Cloud Computing in Microgrids and Smart Grids
14.6 Smart Grids - Microgrids: A Demanding Use Case for Future 5G Technologies
14.7 Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
Index
Also of Interest
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