Lost Worlds of 1863
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W. Dirk Raat. Lost Worlds of 1863
Lost Worlds of 1863. Relocation and Removal of American Indians in the Central Rockies and the Greater Southwest
Contents
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Illustrations
Maps
Foreword. Remembering Relocation, Removal and Fear: The Mural and Beyond
Preface
A Brief Word about Organization and Usage
Prologue: Indigenous People in a Global Context Myth, Struggle and Survival
1 Lincoln, Free Soil and Frémont The Emancipation Proclamation and Indian Slavery
Indian Slavery and the Slave Trade, Particularly in the Southwest Borderlands
John C. Frémont, Pathfinder and Not so Free Soiler
Lincoln and the Indians
Commentary: Lincoln and the Pueblos
2 Numu (Paiute) Wanderings, Trails, and Tears
Numa and Numa Folkways
Pathway to Oblivion
These Wandering Tartars of the DESERT57
Afterthought: Desert Ghost Dancers
Commentary: The Military and the Boarding School
3 Great Basin Tribal Politics Western Shoshones, Southern Paiutes, and Colorado Utes
4 The Long Walk of the Navajos
Apaches De Navajú: The Earth Surface People
The Glittering World
Ancestral History to the Long Walk, 1863
The Path to the Long Walk
The Long Walk, 1863–1868. The Fearing Time (Nidahadzid Daa)
The Long Walk
Hwéeldi (Bosque Redondo)
Adversaries: Whites and Navajos
Treaty of 1868
Postscript: Centennial
Commentary: The Hopi-Navajo Land Controversy
5 Death of Mangas Coloradas, Chiricahua “Renegades,” and Apache Prisoners of War
General Background: the Chiricahua Indé
The Greatest of Wrongs: Apache History to 1863
Cochise, Geronimo, and Guerrilla Warfare, 1863–1886
Prisoners of War, 1886–1913
Aftermath
6 Treasure Hunters Hunting Deer Hunters: Yavapai and Apache Gold
The Yavapai: the [Four] Peoples of the Sun
Ancestral Yavapai (to 1863)
The American Invasion, 1863–1875
To San Carlos in Tears: Exodus and Exile, 1875–1900
Aftermath: Montezuma’s Revenge
7 With Friends like These: The O’odham Water Controversy
Genesis: O’odham and the Sonoran Desert
Pathway to Mesilla: Spanish and Mexican Periods
With Friends Like These: the American Amigos
Tohono O’odham
Ak-Chin Farmers
Akimel O’odham
Burying the Border
Postscript: the Organ Pipe Oasis and Future Water Wars
Commentary: Mormons and Lamanites
8 From Battle to Massacre on the Bear River
Shoshone Ways
The Invasion of Shoshone Country
The Tragedy at Beaver Creek
Aftermath: Battles, Massacres, and the Collective Memory
9 Slaying the Deer Slayers in Mexico: The Yaqui Experience
Hiakam: the Pre-dawn Flower World of Deer and Dancers
Black Robes and Cartridge Belts: From Colony to Imperium, 1617–1863
The Environment of Investment, 1863–1880s
Bound to and in Twine: the Yaqui Diaspora, 1880 to 194044
Afterthoughts: a Yaqui Way of Knowledge
10 Epilogue: After Relocation, from Geronimo to Houser
The Greater Southwest and Other Sub-themes
From Geronimo to Houser: Survival in Today’s World
Notes. Preface
Prologue
Chapter One
Commentary: Lincoln and the Pueblos
Chapter Two
Commentary: The Military and the Boarding School
Chapter Three
Chapter Four
Commentary: The Hopi-Navajo Land Controversy
Chapter Five
Chapter Six
Chapter Seven
Commentary: Mormons and Lamanites
Chapter Eight
Chapter Nine
Epilogue
For Further Reading
Acknowledgments
Index
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W. Dirk Raat
Professor Emeritus, State University of New York, Fredonia
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The 1850 law stated that any able-bodied Indian who refused to work would be liable to arrest, and “vagrants” could be hired out for up to four months. Indian convicts could be bailed out by “any white person,” and they would be forced to work for the person doing the bailing. Under the apprenticeship clause of the law, whites could legally obtain the services of Indian males under 18 and females under 15. A revised statute in 1860 allowed third parties to obtain Indian children without parental consent. In effect, the peonage system of the Mexican period was being extended and legalized for the post-1850 Americanized state of California.53
A typical feature of this trade was that Indian girls as young as eight or nine were sold by their captors to other whites expressly as sexual partners. Sometimes they became concubines. Otherwise they would be used until they became useless. In December 1861, according to historian James Rawls, the Maryland Appeal “commented that, while kidnapped Indian children were seized as servants, the young women were made to serve both the ‘purposes of labor and of lust.’” In 1862 a correspondent to the Sacramento Union wrote about the “baby killers” of Humboldt County who “talk of the operation of cutting to pieces an Indian squaw in their indiscriminate raids for babies as ‘like slicing old cheese.’ …The baby hunters sneak up to a rancheria, kill the bucks, pick out the best looking squaws, ravish them, and make off with their young ones.”55 Boys as young as 12 were also enslaved, and given the disparity in power between master and slave, the conjecture is that pedophilia may have been a likely result.
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