Lost Worlds of 1863

Lost Worlds of 1863
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A comparative history of the relocation and removal of indigenous societies in the Greater American Southwest during the mid-nineteenth century    Lost Worlds of 1863: Relocation and Removal of American Indians in the Central Rockies and the Greater Southwest  offers a unique comparative narrative approach to the diaspora experiences of the Apaches, O’odham and Yaqui in Arizona and Sonora, the Navajo and Yavapai in Arizona, the Shoshone of Utah, the Utes of Colorado, the Northern Paiutes of Nevada and California, and other indigenous communities in the region. Focusing on the events of the year 1863, W. Dirk Raat provides an in-depth examination of the mid-nineteenth century genocide and devastation of the American Indian.  Addressing the loss of both the identity and the sacred landscape of indigenous peoples, the author compares various kinds of relocation between different indigenous groups ranging from the removal and assimilation policies of the United States government regarding the Navajo and Paiute people, to the outright massacre and extermination of the Bear River Shoshone. The book is organized around detailed individual case studies that include extensive histories of the pre-contact, Spanish, and Mexican worlds that created the context for the pivotal events of 1863. This important volume:  Narrates the history of Indian communities such as the Yavapai, Apache, O'odham, and Navajo both before and after 1863 Addresses how the American Indian has been able to survive genocide, and in some cases thrive in the present day Discusses topics including Indian slavery and Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, the Yaqui deportation, Apache prisoners of war, and Great Basin tribal politics Explores Indian ceremonial rites and belief systems to illustrate the relationship between sacred landscapes and personal identity Features sub-chapters on topics such as the Hopi-Navajo land controversy and Native American boarding schools Includes numerous maps and illustrations, contextualizing the content for readers  Lost Worlds of 1863: Relocation and Removal of American Indians in the Central Rockies and the Greater Southwest  is essential reading for academics, students, and general readers with interest in Western history, Native American history, and the history of Indian-White relations in the United States and Mexico.

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W. Dirk Raat. Lost Worlds of 1863

Lost Worlds of 1863. Relocation and Removal of American Indians in the Central Rockies and the Greater Southwest

Contents

List of Illustrations

Guide

Pages

Illustrations

Maps

Foreword. Remembering Relocation, Removal and Fear: The Mural and Beyond

Preface

A Brief Word about Organization and Usage

Prologue: Indigenous People in a Global Context Myth, Struggle and Survival

1 Lincoln, Free Soil and Frémont The Emancipation Proclamation and Indian Slavery

Indian Slavery and the Slave Trade, Particularly in the Southwest Borderlands

John C. Frémont, Pathfinder and Not so Free Soiler

Lincoln and the Indians

Commentary: Lincoln and the Pueblos

2 Numu (Paiute) Wanderings, Trails, and Tears

Numa and Numa Folkways

Pathway to Oblivion

These Wandering Tartars of the DESERT57

Afterthought: Desert Ghost Dancers

Commentary: The Military and the Boarding School

3 Great Basin Tribal Politics Western Shoshones, Southern Paiutes, and Colorado Utes

4 The Long Walk of the Navajos

Apaches De Navajú: The Earth Surface People

The Glittering World

Ancestral History to the Long Walk, 1863

The Path to the Long Walk

The Long Walk, 1863–1868. The Fearing Time (Nidahadzid Daa)

The Long Walk

Hwéeldi (Bosque Redondo)

Adversaries: Whites and Navajos

Treaty of 1868

Postscript: Centennial

Commentary: The Hopi-Navajo Land Controversy

5 Death of Mangas Coloradas, Chiricahua “Renegades,” and Apache Prisoners of War

General Background: the Chiricahua Indé

The Greatest of Wrongs: Apache History to 1863

Cochise, Geronimo, and Guerrilla Warfare, 1863–1886

Prisoners of War, 1886–1913

Aftermath

6 Treasure Hunters Hunting Deer Hunters: Yavapai and Apache Gold

The Yavapai: the [Four] Peoples of the Sun

Ancestral Yavapai (to 1863)

The American Invasion, 1863–1875

To San Carlos in Tears: Exodus and Exile, 1875–1900

Aftermath: Montezuma’s Revenge

7 With Friends like These: The O’odham Water Controversy

Genesis: O’odham and the Sonoran Desert

Pathway to Mesilla: Spanish and Mexican Periods

With Friends Like These: the American Amigos

Tohono O’odham

Ak-Chin Farmers

Akimel O’odham

Burying the Border

Postscript: the Organ Pipe Oasis and Future Water Wars

Commentary: Mormons and Lamanites

8 From Battle to Massacre on the Bear River

Shoshone Ways

The Invasion of Shoshone Country

The Tragedy at Beaver Creek

Aftermath: Battles, Massacres, and the Collective Memory

9 Slaying the Deer Slayers in Mexico: The Yaqui Experience

Hiakam: the Pre-dawn Flower World of Deer and Dancers

Black Robes and Cartridge Belts: From Colony to Imperium, 1617–1863

The Environment of Investment, 1863–1880s

Bound to and in Twine: the Yaqui Diaspora, 1880 to 194044

Afterthoughts: a Yaqui Way of Knowledge

10 Epilogue: After Relocation, from Geronimo to Houser

The Greater Southwest and Other Sub-themes

From Geronimo to Houser: Survival in Today’s World

Notes. Preface

Prologue

Chapter One

Commentary: Lincoln and the Pueblos

Chapter Two

Commentary: The Military and the Boarding School

Chapter Three

Chapter Four

Commentary: The Hopi-Navajo Land Controversy

Chapter Five

Chapter Six

Chapter Seven

Commentary: Mormons and Lamanites

Chapter Eight

Chapter Nine

Epilogue

For Further Reading

Acknowledgments

Index

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Отрывок из книги

W. Dirk Raat

Professor Emeritus, State University of New York, Fredonia

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The 1850 law stated that any able-bodied Indian who refused to work would be liable to arrest, and “vagrants” could be hired out for up to four months. Indian convicts could be bailed out by “any white person,” and they would be forced to work for the person doing the bailing. Under the apprenticeship clause of the law, whites could legally obtain the services of Indian males under 18 and females under 15. A revised statute in 1860 allowed third parties to obtain Indian children without parental consent. In effect, the peonage system of the Mexican period was being extended and legalized for the post-1850 Americanized state of California.53

A typical feature of this trade was that Indian girls as young as eight or nine were sold by their captors to other whites expressly as sexual partners. Sometimes they became concubines. Otherwise they would be used until they became useless. In December 1861, according to historian James Rawls, the Maryland Appeal “commented that, while kidnapped Indian children were seized as servants, the young women were made to serve both the ‘purposes of labor and of lust.’” In 1862 a correspondent to the Sacramento Union wrote about the “baby killers” of Humboldt County who “talk of the operation of cutting to pieces an Indian squaw in their indiscriminate raids for babies as ‘like slicing old cheese.’ …The baby hunters sneak up to a rancheria, kill the bucks, pick out the best looking squaws, ravish them, and make off with their young ones.”55 Boys as young as 12 were also enslaved, and given the disparity in power between master and slave, the conjecture is that pedophilia may have been a likely result.

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