Essays Upon Heredity and Kindred Biological Problems

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Weismann August. Essays Upon Heredity and Kindred Biological Problems

AUTHOR’S PREFACE

EDITORS’ PREFACE

I. THE DURATION OF LIFE. 1881

THE DURATION OF LIFE. PREFACE

I. THE DURATION OF LIFE

APPENDIX

Note 1. The Duration of Life among Birds

Note 2. The Duration of Life among Mammals

Note 3. The Duration of Life among Mature Insects

I. Orthoptera

II. Neuroptera

III. Strepsiptera

IV. Hemiptera

V. Diptera

VI. Lepidoptera

VII. Coleoptera

VIII. Hymenoptera

Note 4. The Duration of Life of the Lower Marine Animals

Note 5. The Duration of Life in. Indigenous Terrestrial and Fresh-water Mollusca

Note 6. Unequal Length of Life in the two Sexes

Note 7. Bees

Note 8. Death of the Cells in higher Organisms

Note 9. Death by Sudden Shock

Note 10. Intermingling during the Fission of Unicellular Organisms30

Note 11. Regeneration

Note 12. The Duration of Life in Plants

Note 13

II. ON HEREDITY. 1883

ON HEREDITY. PREFACE

II. ON HEREDITY

III. LIFE AND DEATH. 1883

LIFE AND DEATH. PREFACE

III. LIFE AND DEATH

IV. THE CONTINUITY OF THE GERM-PLASM. AS THE FOUNDATION OF A THEORY OF HEREDITY. 1885

CONTINUITY OF THE GERM-PLASM, &c. PREFACE

IV. THE CONTINUITY OF THE GERM-PLASM AS THE. FOUNDATION OF A THEORY OF HEREDITY. Introduction

I. The Germ-plasm

II. The Significance of the Polar Bodies

III. On the Nature of Parthenogenesis

NOTE

V. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION. IN THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION. 1886

SIGNIFICANCE OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION, ETC. PREFACE

V. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION. IN THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION

APPENDICES

Appendix I. Further considerations which oppose Nägeli’s. explanation of transformation as due to internal causes199

Appendix II. Nägeli’s explanation of adaptation202

Appendix III. Adaptations in Plants213

Appendix IV. On the supposed transmission of acquired characters217

Appendix V. On the Origin of Parthenogenesis227

Appendix VI. W. K. Brooks’ Theory of Heredity229

VI. ON THE NUMBER OF POLAR BODIES AND. THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN HEREDITY. 1887

ON THE NUMBER OF POLAR BODIES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN HEREDITY. PREFACE

VI. ON THE NUMBER OF POLAR BODIES AND THEIR. SIGNIFICANCE IN HEREDITY

I. Parthenogenetic and Sexual Egg

II. The Significance of the Second Polar Body

III. The Foregoing Considerations Applied To the Male Germ-Cells

IV. The Foregoing Considerations applied To Plants

V. Conclusions with regard to Heredity

VI. Recapitulation

VII. ON THE SUPPOSED BOTANICAL PROOFS. OF THE. TRANSMISSION OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERS. 1888

VII. ON THE SUPPOSED BOTANICAL PROOFS. OF THE. TRANSMISSION OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERS

VIII. THE SUPPOSED TRANSMISSION OF. MUTILATIONS. 1888

VIII. THE SUPPOSED TRANSMISSION OF. MUTILATIONS

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The attention of English biologists and men of science was first called to Professor Weismann’s essays by an article entitled ‘Death’ in ‘The Nineteenth Century’ for May, 1885, by Mr. A. E. Shipley. Since then the interest in the author’s arguments and conclusions has become very general; having been especially increased by Professor Moseley’s two articles in ‘Nature’ (Vol. XXXIII, p. 154, and Vol. XXXIV, p. 629), and by the discussion upon ‘The Transmission of Acquired Characters,’ introduced by Professor Lankester at the meeting of the British Association at Manchester in 1887,—a discussion in which Professor Weismann himself took part. The deep interest which has everywhere been expressed in a subject which concerns the very foundations of evolution, has encouraged the Editors to hope that a volume containing a collection of all Professor Weismann’s essays upon heredity and kindred problems would supply a real want. At the present time, when scientific periodicals contain frequent references to these essays, and when the various issues which have been raised by them are discussed on every occasion at which biologists come together, it is above all things necessary to know exactly what the author himself has said. And there are many signs that discussion has already suffered for want of this knowledge.

A translation of Essays I and II was commenced by Mr. A. E. Shipley during his residence at Freiburg in the winter of 1884. His work was greatly aided by the kind assistance of Dr. van Rees of Amsterdam, to whom we desire to express our most sincere thanks. The translation was laid aside until the summer of 1888, when Mr. Shipley was invited to co-operate with the other editors in the preparation of the present volume; the Clarendon Press having consented to publish the complete series of essays as one of their Foreign Biological Memoirs.

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The wild goose must live for upwards of 100 years, according to Naumann (l. c., p. 127). The proof of this is not, however, forthcoming. A wild goose which had been wounded reached its eighteenth year in captivity.

Swans are said to have lived 300 years(?), (Naumann, l. c., p. 127).

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