Оглавление
William C. Cockerham. The Social Causes of Health and Disease
CONTENTS
List of Figures
List of Tables
Guide
Pages
Dedication
The Social Causes of Health and Disease
Preface
1 The Social Causation of Health and Disease
Coronavirus
Smoking
The Biomedical Model
Elements of Proof
Diabetes
HIV/AIDS
Social Determinants of Disease: Fundamental Cause Theory
Measuring Structural Effects
Conclusion
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Further Reading
2 Theorizing about Health and Disease
The Rise and Fall of Structural-Functionalism
The Fall of Conflict Theory and Repackaging of Marxism
The Rise of the Agency-Oriented Paradigm
American Medical Sociology
British Medical Sociology
Conclusion
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Further Reading
3 Health Lifestyles
Lifestyle: Health as an Achievement
Methodological Individualism in Health Lifestyle Research
The Agency–Structure Debate
Health Lifestyle Theory
Class circumstances
Age, gender, and race/ethnicity
Collectivities
Living conditions
Socialization and experience
Life choices (agency)
Life chances (structure)
Choice and chance interplay
Dispositions to act (habitus)
Completing the model
Conclusion
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Further Reading
4 The Power of Class
Class and Heart Attack Survival
Class Structure and its Components
Class schemes
Weber: status groups
The End of Class?
The Social Gradient in Mortality
Confirming the Relationship
Medical Care as an Intervening Variable?
Conclusion
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Further Reading
5 Class and Health: Explaining the Relationship
Class, Health, and Medical Care in the United States
Class, Health, and Medical Care in the United Kingdom
Stress
Income Inequality
Culture
Smoking
Obesity
Conclusion: Social Causation or Social Selection?
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Further Reading
6 Age
Age Stratification Theory
Life Course Theory
Cohort Effects of Age
Conclusion
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Further Reading
7 Gender
The Gender Health and Mortality Paradox
Gender Differences in Physical and Mental Health
Gender Differences in Health Practices
LGBT Health
Another Look at Smoking
Conclusion
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Further Reading
8 Race and Ethnicity
Ethnicity
Race and Physical Health
Hispanics and Immigration
Racism as a Fundamental Cause
Race and Health in Britain
Race and Mental Health
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Further Reading
9 Living Conditions and Neighborhood Disadvantage
Unhealthy Places
Health and Neighborhood Disadvantage in Britain
Physical Health and Neighborhood Disadvantage in the US
Mental Health and Neighborhood Disadvantage in the US
Conclusion
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Further Reading
10 Health and Social Capital
Robert Putnam: Bowling Alone
Nan Lin: Social Capital as Structure
Pierre Bourdieu: A Social Form of Capital
Robert Sampson: Collective Efficacy
Research Applications of Social Capital
Conclusion
Critical Thinking Questions
Suggested Further Reading
Concluding Remarks
The Return of Structure
Structure–Agency Interface
Policy Implications
Conclusion
References
Name Index. A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Z
Subject Index. A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Z
POLITY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
Отрывок из книги
To Cynthia
William C. Cockerham
.....
Subsequent research by medical sociologists has demonstrated the effects of social variables on body physiology in a number of studies. Chioun Lee and her colleagues (Lee, Coe, and Ryff 2017), for example, found that severe and multiple types of childhood abuse produced significant physiological dysregulation in adulthood among those who had experienced it. This conclusion was based on a sample of English-speaking US residents providing data on their social characteristics, measures of childhood maltreatment, and biomarkers obtained in a clinical research center involving urine and blood testing, along with blood pressure, hormonal activity, and other biological indicators. Lee et al. (2017: 374) determined that “individuals who experience extreme or chronic abuse as children are likely to secrete abnormal levels of hormones from the primary stress systems (HPA axis and SNS), which appears to be related to poor biological profiles in other body systems associated with stress physiology (glucose regulation, lipid metabolism, cardiovascular function, immune competence).” The findings indicated that socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals were the most intensely stressed in this sample.
Other studies show early social adversity accelerating the speed of biological aging (Simons et al. 2019), social inequality promoting greater weight gain among black women (Hargrove 2018), and exposure to chronic stress in childhood causing increased risk of greater low-grade inflammation in blacks and Hispanics over the life course (Schmeer and Tarrence 2018). Also, being married and integrated into social groups have been found to predict reduced risk of nicotine dependence in men with a genetic susceptibility to intense nicotine cravings when stressed (Perry 2016), while strong family social support prevented genetic predispositions toward alcoholism (Pescosolido et al. 2008). In these studies, social adversity, inequality, childhood stress, marital status, group membership, and family support are all collective social variables acting on individuals as causal entities.
.....
