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William Crooke. The Religion and Folklore of Northern India
The Religion and Folklore of Northern India
Table of Contents
VOLUME 1
Table of Contents
FOLK-LORE OF NORTHERN INDIA
CHAPTER I
THE GODLINGS OF NATURE
The Deva
The Deotâ
Godlings Pure and Impure
Sûraj Nârâyan, the Sun Godling
Village Worship of Sûraj Nârâyan
Sun-worship among the non-Aryan Races
Sun-worship in the Domestic Ritual
Moon-worship
Eclipses and the Fire Sacrifice
Eclipse Observances
Star-worship
The Rainbow
The Milky Way
Earth-worship
Worship of Mother Earth
Earth-worship among the Drâvidians
Secrecy in Worship of Mother Earth
Thunder and Lightning
Earthquakes
River-worship
Springs Connected with the Ganges
Sacred River Junctions
Ill-omened Streams
Origin of River-worship
Floods and Drowning People
Khwâja Khizr, the God of Water
The Folk-lore of Wells
Sacred Wells
Hot Springs
Waterfalls
Sacred Lakes
The Lake of the Fairy Gifts
The Shâhgarh Lake
Other Sacred Tanks
Mountain-worship; the Himâlaya
Mountain-worship among the Drâvidians
Respect Paid to the Vindhya and Kaimûr Ranges
Other Famous Hills
The Spirits of the Air
Bhîmsen, a Weather Godling
Demoniacal Control of the Weather
Rain-making and Nudity
Rites Special to Women
Other Rites to bring Rain
Devices to Cause Rain to Cease
Hail and Whirlwind
Aerolites
CHAPTER II
THE HEROIC AND VILLAGE GODLINGS
The Heroic Godlings
Hanumân
Hanumân as a Village Godling
Worship of Bhîmsen
Pillar-worship of Bhîmsen
Worship of Bhîshma
Worship of the Local Godlings
Village Shrines
Identification of the Local Godling
Worship of Dwâra Gusâîn
Worship of Bhûmiya
Worship of Bhairon
Worship of Ganesa
The Worship of the Great Mothers
Mother-worship in Gujarât
Mother-worship in Upper India
The Jungle Mothers
Other Mother Goddesses
Worship of Gansâm Deo
Worship of Dântan Deo and Lalitâ
Worship of Dûlha Deo, the Bridegroom Godling
CHAPTER III
THE GODLINGS OF DISEASE
The Demoniacal Theory of Disease
Sîtalâ, the Goddess of Small-pox
Connection of Sîtalâ with Human Sacrifice
Small-pox Worship in Bengal
Mâtangî Saktî and Masân
Journey forbidden during an Epidemic of Small-pox
Observances during Small-pox Epidemics
Minor Disease Godlings
Hardaul Lâla, the Cholera Godling
Exorcism of the Cholera Demon
Cholera caused by Witchcraft
The Demon of Cattle Disease
Other Cholera Godlings
Exorcism of Disease
Methods of Rural Exorcism
Exorcism by Dancing
Flagellation
Treatment of Sorcerers
Appointment of Ojhas
Fraud in Exorcism
Disease Charms
Rag Offerings
Disease Transference
Scapegoats
Demons Scared by Noise
Disease Scapegoats
CHAPTER IV
THE WORSHIP OF THE SAINTED DEAD
Ancestor-worship: its Origin
Among the Aryans and Drâvidians
Spirits Mortal
Ancestors Re-born in Children
The Srâddha
Degradation of Ancestor-worship
Worship of Worthies
The Sâdhu
Miracle-working Tombs
The Satî
The Satî and the Pitri
Modern Saints
Deification in Modern Times
Shaikh Bûrhan
Salîm Chishti
Deification of Noted Persons
Harshu Pânrê
Ratan Pânrê
Mahenî
Nâhar Khân
Gangânâth and Bholanâth
Bhairwanand
Vyâsa
Vâlmîki
Various Saints
Deified Robbers
Râja Lâkhan
Râja Chandol
Belâ
Jokhaiya
Ramâsa Pîr
Râê Sinh
The Pîrs and Sayyids
The Panj Pîr
Caste Saints
Domestic Worship of the Pîr
The Pachpiriyas
The Pânch Pîr and the Pândavas
Ghâzi Miyân
Sakhi Sarwar
Gûga Pîr
Gûga and Snake-worship
Worship of Tejajî
Worship of Bâba Farîd Shakkarganj
Minor Saints
Villages Overturned
Malâmat Shâh
Miyân Ahmad
Shaikh Saddû
Shrines Which Cure Disease
Sayyid Yûsuf
Wonder-working Tombs
The Nine-yard Tombs
Shrines with Images or Relics
The Curing of Barrenness
Harmless Saints and Godlings
CHAPTER V
WORSHIP OF THE MALEVOLENT DEAD
Spirits of the Dead Hostile
Savage Theory of Dreams
The Separable Soul
The Bhût
Shrines to Persons Accidentally Killed
Second Marriage and Bhûts
Food of Bhûts
Posture of Bhûts
Tests of Bhûts
Spirit Lovers
Spirit Entries: The Head
The Mouth
Yawning
Sneezing
The Hands and Feet
The Ears
Varieties of Bhûts
The Pret
The Pisâcha
The Râkshasa
Power of Lengthening Themselves
Night Spirits
Râkshasas as Builders
Modern Râkshasas
Brâhman Ghosts
The Deo
The Bîr
The Dâno
The Daitya
The Headless Horseman
The Ghostly Army
Masân
Tola
Airi
Hill Demons
Birth Fiends
The Parî and Jinn
The Ghoul
The Baghaut
The Churel
Eating Food in Spirit Land
Modes of Repelling the Churel
Counting
The Couvade
Various Birth Ceremonies
Places Infested by Bhûts: Burial Places
Deserts
Owls and Bats
Ghosts and Burial Grounds
Mutilation
Ghosts of Old Ruins
Mine and Cave Spirits
Cave Deities
Bhûts Treasure Guardians
Fairy Gifts
Underground Treasure
Ghosts of Roads
Ghosts of Empty Houses
Ghosts of Flowers
The Hearth
Ghosts of Filthy Places
The House Roof
VOLUME 2
Table of Contents
FOLK-LORE OF NORTHERN INDIA
CHAPTER I
THE EVIL EYE AND THE SCARING OF GHOSTS
Gold and Silver Protectives
Copper and Brass Protectives
Coral and Marine Products Protectives
Precious Stones Protectives
Beads Protectives
Blood a Protective
Incense
Spittle
Salt
Salutation
The Separable Soul: Waving
Blacksmith, Respect for
Water
Grain
Urad
Barley
Sesamum
Sheaves
Milk
Colours
Grasses
Tattooing
Garlic
Glass
Gonds: Procedure in Cases of Fascination
Amulets
The Ring, Bracelet, and Knotted Cord
Face-covering
Omens
Numbers
Bodily Functions
Lucky and Unlucky Days
Facilitating Departure of and Barring the Ghost
The Funeral Feast
Mutilation a Sign of Mourning
Respect Paid to Hair
Food for the Dead
Articles left with the Corpse
The Fly as a Life Index
Recalling the Ghost
Ashes
Replacing Household Vessels
Funeral Rites in Effigy
Ghosts Lengthening Themselves
Kindly Ghosts
Tree Ghosts
The Brahmaparusha
The Jâk and Jâknî
Ghosts which Protect Cattle
Bugaboos
CHAPTER II
TREE AND SERPENT WORSHIP
The Karam Tree
The Fig Tree
The Sâl
The Shîsham
The Jand
The Aonla
The Mahua
The Cotton Tree
The Nîm
The Cocoanut
The Mimosa
The Plantain
The Pomegranate
The Tamarind
The Siras
The Mango
The Tulasî
The Palâsa
The Bel
The Bamboo
The Sandal
The Birch
Other Sacred Trees
Tree Marriages
Tree and Serpent Worship
Seshanâga
Snake Shrines
The Snake Gods
The Sinhas
Connection of Snakes with Ancestor-worship
Deified Snake Heroes
Snake Treasure Guardians
Powers of Snakes in Folk-lore
Modern Snake-worship
Cure of Snake-bite
The Snake in Folk-lore
Snakes and Euphemism
The Snake Jewel
The Rainbow and the Snake
The Household Snake
CHAPTER III
TOTEMISM AND FETISHISM
Origin of Totemism
Stocks Named from Animals, Plants, etc
Totem Names among the Drâvidians
The Panjâb Snake Tribe
Totemism in Proper Names
Descent from the Totem
Special Respect Paid to the Totem
The Devak
The Vâhanas and Avatâras
The Boar as a Totem
Fetishism Defined
Fetishism Illustrated in Afghânistân
The Lorik Legend
The Mirzapur Version
Jirâyâ Bhavânî
Village Fetish Stones
Human Sacrifice among the Indo-Aryans
Human Sacrifice in the Folk-tales
Human Sacrifice in Modern Times
Survivals of Human Sacrifice
Human Sacrifice and Buildings
Modifications of Human Sacrifice
Momiâî
The Dânapurwâla Sâhib
Fetish Stones
Fetishes among the Santâls
Fetish Stones which Cure Disease
Fetish Stones the Abode of Spirits
Family Fetishes
Tool Fetishes
Weapons and Implement Fetishes
The Corn-sieve
The Broom
The Rice-pounder
The Plough
Fire
Origin of Fire-worship
The Sacred Fire
The Fire-drill
The Muhammadan Sacred Fire
Volcanic Fire; Will-o’-the-Wisp
The Tomb Fetish
Miscellaneous Fetishes
CHAPTER IV
ANIMAL-WORSHIP
Origin of Animal-worship
Horse-worship
Modern Horse-worship
The Worship of the Ass
The Lion
The Tiger
Tiger-worship among the Jungle Races
Bâgh Deo, the Tiger Godling
Magical Powers of Dead Tigers
Tigers, Propitiation of
Tiger-worship among the Gonds
Men Metamorphosed into Tigers
Dog-worship
Dog-worship: Bhairon
Dogs in Folk-lore: The Bethgelert Legend
The Goat
Goat and Totemism
Cow and Bull Worship
Respect for the Cow Modern
Origin of Cow-worship
Cow-worship: Its Later Development
Re-birth through the Cow
Respect Paid to the Cow
Modern Cow-worship
Feeling against Cow-killing
Bull-worship among Banjâras
Superstitions about Cattle
The Buffalo
The Antelope
The Elephant
The Cat
The Rat and Mouse
The Squirrel
The Bear
The Jackal
The Hare
Birds: The Crow
The Hand of Glory
The Fowl
The Dove and Pigeon
The Goose or Swan
Sundry Sacred Birds
The Hoopoe
The Woodpecker
The Peacock
The Pheasant
The Kite
The Partridge
The Parrot
The Alligator
Fish
The Fish in Folk-lore
The Eel
The Tortoise
The Frog
Insects
CHAPTER V
THE BLACK ART
The Witch
Witchcraft: How Developed
The Jigar Khor
The Witch in Folk-lore
Instruction in Witchcraft
Witch Seasons
Witches Taking the Form of Tigers
Witches Extracting Substances from their Victims
Witches and Cats
Witch Ordeals
Santâl Witch Ordeals
Witch Tests, Bilâspur
Witch Tests, Bastar
Miscellaneous Tests: Eggs
The Rowan Tree
Witch-finding among Kols
Marks of Witches
Charms Recited Backward
Witchcraft by Means of Hair, Nail Parings, etc
Witchcraft by Means of Images
Witchcraft through the Footsteps
Punishment of Witches
Witchcraft Punishments among the Drâvidians
Other Witchcraft Punishments
Drawing Blood from a Witch
Witch Haunts
Nonâ Chamârin, the Witch
Pûtanâ, the Witch Fiend
The Witch of the Palwârs
CHAPTER VI
SOME RURAL FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES
The Akhtîj
Prohibition of Ploughing
The Rakshabandhan and Jâyî Festivals
The Diwâlî, or Feast of Lamps
The Govardhan
Cattle Festivals
The Sleep of Vishnu
Ceremonies to Avert Blight, etc
Scaring of Locusts
Betel Planting
Sugar-cane Sowing
Cotton Planting
The Last Sheaf
First-fruits
Ceremonies at Winnowing
Measurement of Grain
The Holî: Its Origin
Propitiation of Sunshine
The Holî Observances
The Lighting of the Holî Fire
The Throwing of the Powder
The Holî in Mârwâr
The Ashes of the Holî Fire
The Basis of the Holî Rite
Marriage of the Powers of Vegetation
The Drâvidian Saturnalia
The Desauli of the Hos
BIBLIOGRAPHY
