Оглавление
William J. Ray. Abnormal Psychology
Abnormal Psychology
Abnormal Psychology
Brief Contents
Detailed Contents
Preface
Development of Brain Imaging
Development of an Evolutionary Perspective
Implications for Treatment
New Perspectives in Abnormal Psychology
This Text
This Second Edition
Chapter 1: An Overview of Psychopathology and Changing Conceptualizations of Mental Illness
Chapter 2: Neuroscience Approaches to Understanding Psychopathology
Chapter 3: Research Methods
Chapter 4: Assessment and Classification of Psychological Disorders
Chapter 5: Disorders of Childhood
Chapter 6: Mood Disorders and Suicide
Chapter 7: Stress, Trauma, and Psychopathology
Chapter 8: Anxiety Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Chapter 9: Dissociative Disorders and Somatic Symptom Disorders
Chapter 10: Eating Disorders
Chapter 11: Sexual Disorders and Gender Dysphoria
Chapter 12: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
Chapter 13: Schizophrenia
Chapter 14: Personality Disorders
Chapter 15: Neurocognitive Disorders
Chapter 16: The Law and Mental Health
Acknowledgments
Digital Resources
For Instructors
For Students
About the Author
1 An Overview of Psychopathology and Changing Conceptualizations of Mental Illness
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Understanding Psychopathology: Definitions and Key Considerations
Defining Psychopathology and Understanding Its Components
Stigma and Mental Disorders
The Three Major Themes of This Book
Levels of Analysis
American Attitudes Toward Mental Illness
Biopsychosocial Approach
The Relation of Evolution and Culture to Psychopathology
Global Mental Health: Available Treatment
Is Psychopathology Universal?
Historical Considerations in Understanding Psychopathology
Ancient Greek and Roman Influences—Mental Illness Involves the Brain
Psychopathology in the Middle Ages
From the Renaissance to the 1700s—The Beginning of Modern Science
Discovering the Function of the Brain in Behavior and Psychopathology
The 1700s to the 1900s
A Growing Understanding of the Role of Evolution
A Search for Organization
Care for Those With Mental Disorders
Closing Mental Hospitals in America
From the Past to the Present
Biological Approaches to Treating Mental Illness
Psychological Treatment Perspectives in the Twentieth Century
Psychodynamic Perspectives on Treatment
Sigmund Freud
Existential-Humanistic Perspectives
Behavioral and Cognitive Behavioral Perspectives
Summary
Study Resources. Review Questions
Key Terms and Concepts
2 Neuroscience Approaches to Understanding Psychopathology
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
The Growing Importance of Neuroscience, Genetics, and an Evolutionary Perspective
Brain Anatomy, Neurons, and Neurotransmitters
A Quick Review of Brain Anatomy and Function
Neurons and Neural Transmission
How Does the Neuron Pass Information?
Major Neurotransmitters
Encoding Information
How Do We Observe the Brain at Work?
Electroencephalography
Evoked Potentials
Magnetoencephalography
Positron Emission Tomography
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Spatial and Temporal Resolution
Neuroethics
Using Brain Imaging to Understand Culture
Neuroethics: Ethical Considerations When Using Neuroscience Techniques
Networks of the Brain
Neurons Connect in a Network
What Is the Brain’s Default (Intrinsic) Network?
Different Networks Are Involved in Different Tasks
Genetics and Psychopathology
The Study of Genetics
What Do Genes Do?
DNA
How Do Genes Influence Behavior?
Epigenetic Processes
Mitochondria and Mitochondrial Inheritance
What Are Endophenotypes?
Evolution and Psychopathology
The Themes of Evolution
Psychopathology From an Evolutionary Perspective
Summary
Study Resources. Review Questions
Key Terms and Concepts
3 Research Methods
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
What Is Science?
Nonexperimental Methods of Psychological Research
Case Study
Naturalistic Observation: Just Looking
Correlational Approach: What Goes With What
The Experimental Method: Making It Happen
Definitions in the Experimental Method
Does Playing Music Change the Brain?
Logic and Inference: The Detective Work of Science
Validity
What Do I Expect to Happen?
Designing an Experimental Study
Participants in the Study
Putting Participants in Groups
Designing and Structuring the Experimental Study
Is the Dependent Variable Related to the Independent Variable?
Null Hypothesis and Inferential Statistics
Confound Hypothesis
Research Hypothesis
Randomized Controlled Trials of Global Mental Health Treatments in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Other Types of Experimental Designs and Research Considerations
Single-Subject Designs
Longitudinal Research
Epidemiological Research
Research Involving Genetics
Behavioral Genetics
Clinical and Statistical Significance
Replication and Meta-Analysis
Treatment and Clinical Perspectives: Failure to Publish the Results of All Clinical Trials Is Hurting Medical Science
Ethics and the Scientific Experiment
The Experiment as an Ethical Problem
Ingredients of the Initial Scientist–Participant Dialogue
Voluntary Participation
Informed Consent
The Rights of the Research Participant and the Responsibilities of the Experimenter
What Is Harmful to a Research Participant?
The Institutional Review Board
The Ethical Relationship
Summary
Study Resources. Review Questions
Key Terms and Concepts
4 Assessment and Classification of Psychological Disorders
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Initial Assessment and the Mental Status Exam
The Clinical Interview
The Mental Status Exam
Structured Interviews and Assessment Considerations
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders
Assessing Cultural Dimensions
Empirically Supported Research Approaches and Cultural Competence
Reliability and Validity in Relation to Psychopathology
Reliability
Assessment Validity
Models of Assessment
Symptom Questionnaires
Personality Tests
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Projective Tests
Rorschach Inkblots
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Neuropsychological Testing
Neuropsychological Tests and Mental Illness
Using Neuroscience Techniques to Identify Mental Illness
Diagnostic Considerations in Psychopathology
Categorical Versus Dimensional Approaches
Comorbidity, Internalizing Disorders, and Externalizing Disorders
Utilizing Neuroscience Methods in Diagnosis and Treatment
Classification Systems for Mental Disorders
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Origins of the DSM
Early Versions of the DSM and the Eventual Focus on Diagnostic Criteria
DSM–5: The Current Version
Assessment, Classification, and Clinical Practice: The RDoC Alternative to the DSM
Summary
Study Resources. Review Questions
Key Terms and Concepts
5 Disorders of Childhood
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Important Aspects of Normal Childhood Development
Brain Development
Effects of Early Life Stress
Theories of Attachment
Harry Harlow’s Experiments With Infant Monkeys
John Bowlby’s Research on Attachment
Mary Ainsworth’s Work and Styles of Attachment
Long-Term Consequences of Early Attachment Patterns
Imitation Learning
Romania Adoption Study
Theory of Mind
Adolescence
Social Brain in Adolescence
Risk Taking in Adolescence
Brain Systems Involved in Social Relations
The Importance of the Prefontal Cortex
Recent Neuroscience Research Highlighting Brain Processes
Attachment Disorders, Conduct Disorder, and Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Attachment Disorders
Conduct Disorder
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Case of Robert
Conduct Disorder
Treatment for Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder
School Shootings Around the World
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Brain Contributions to Autism Spectrum Disorder
Ability to Systemize in Autism
Special Talents
Treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning Disorders
ADHD
Prevalence and Characteristics of ADHD
Causes of ADHD
Do Adults With ADHD Have a Different Disorder From That Seen in Children?
Treatment for ADHD
Learning Disabilities
Intellectual Developmental Disorder
Characteristics of Intellectual Developmental Disorder
Levels of Functioning
Causes of Intellectual Developmental Disorder
IDD Related to Chromosomes
IDD Related to Metabolism
IDD Related to Gestation
Treatment for Intellectual Developmental Disorder
Summary
Study Resources. Review Questions
Key Terms and Concepts
6 Mood Disorders and Suicide
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Introducing Mood Disorders
Mood Disorders Around the World
Major Depressive Disorder
Characteristics and Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder
Grief Exception
Causes of Depression
Developmental Aspects of Depression
Cognitive Model of Depression
Are Depression and Inflammation Related?
Meta-analysis
Evidence That Depression Runs in Families
The Evolutionary Perspective Concerning Depression
Resource Conservation
Everyday Social Behavior During a Major Depressive Episode
Social Competition
Social Risk Hypothesis
Treatment for Depression
Biological and Neuroscience Treatments for Depression
Medications for Depression
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Vagal Nerve Stimulation
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Deep Brain Stimulation
Psychological Treatments for Depression
Cognitive Therapy
Emotion-Focused Therapy
Psychodynamic Therapy
Efforts to Prevent Depression
Bipolar Disorder
Types and Characteristics of Bipolar Disorder
Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar I Disorder
Bipolar II Disorder
Cyclothymic Disorder
Prevalence of Bipolar Disorder
Causes of Bipolar Disorder
Genetics of Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar Disorder and Creativity
Brain Imaging and Bipolar Disorder
Neurotransmitter Dysregulation
Environmental Factors
Treatment for Bipolar Disorder
Psychological Treatments for Bipolar Disorder
Medications for Bipolar Disorder
Suicide
Cultural and Gender Differences in Suicide
Suicide Underreporting and Methods Used in Suicide Attempts
Endophenotypes and Suicide
Long-Term and Short-Term Factors Related to Suicide
Suicide in the Military
Suicide Among College Students
Preventing Suicide
Summary
Study Resources. Review Questions
Key Terms and Concepts
7 Stress, Trauma, and Psychopathology
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Psychological Stress and Psychopathology
Does Trauma Produce Mental Illness?
The Physiological Mechanisms Related to Stress and Trauma
What Makes You Run From Bears? Stress and the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis
The Autonomic Nervous System
Psychological Stress and the Immune System
Trauma Changes Our Genes Through Tagging (Epigenetics)
Is Social Pain Like Physical Pain?
The Study of Stress
Does Fight or Flight Apply Equally to Males and Females?
Does Social Stress Produce a Similar Reaction to Physical Stress?
Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders in DSM–5
Adjustment Disorders
Acute Stress Disorder
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Does Debriefing Help Prevent PTSD?
Causes, Characteristics, and Prevalence of PTSD
DSM–5 Criteria for PTSD
The Physiological Aspects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Case of Victoria English
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Treatment for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
PTSD Definitions in DSM–IV and DSM–5
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Suicide in the Military
Summary
Study Resources. Review Questions
Key Terms and Concepts
8 Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Overview of Anxiety Disorders
The Nature of Anxiety and Evolutionary Explanations
Cognitive Processes in Anxiety
Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders
Developmental Aspects of Anxiety
Models of Anxiety Development
Anxiety Disorders Around the World
Global Mental Health: Anxiety Disorders
Major Types of Anxiety Disorders
Separation Anxiety Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Treatment for Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Psychological Treatment
Biological Treatment
Case of Adam Caldwell
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Social Anxiety Disorder
Anxiety and the Prescribing of Benzodiazepines
Neuroscience Aspects of Social Anxiety
Treatment for Social Anxiety Disorder
Agoraphobia
Specific Phobia
Neuroscience Aspects of Specific Phobias
Treatment for Specific Phobias
Panic Disorder
Neuroscience Aspects of Panic Disorder
Treatment for Panic Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Characteristics, Prevalence, and Significant Aspects of OCD
Other DSM–5 Disorders Categorized With OCD
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Brain Processes Associated With OCD
Treatment for OCD
Summary
Study Resources. Review Questions
Key Terms and Concepts
9 Dissociative Disorders and Somatic Symptom Disorders
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Dissociative Disorders
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
Two Case Studies
Depersonalization
Dissociative Amnesia
Case of Michael Boatwright
Dissociative Amnesia
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Multiple Personality and the Media
Treatment for Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Culture and Somatic Symptoms
Conversion Disorder
Factitious Disorder
Treatment for Somatic Symptom Disorders
Awareness of the Body and the Brain
Summary
Study Resources. Review Questions
Key Terms and Concepts
10 Eating Disorders
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Overview: Feeding Disorders, Obesity, and Eating Disorders
Feeding Disorders
Pica
Rumination Disorder
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
The Problem of Obesity
Neuroscience Aspects of Obesity
Reducing Obesity Worldwide
Differences in the View of Ideal Weight Between Males and Females
The Major Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
Characteristics of Anorexia Nervosa
Neuroscience and Anorexia
Causes of Anorexia Nervosa
Treating Anorexia Nervosa
Eating Disorders and Your Gut
Bulimia Nervosa
Characteristics and Prevalence of Bulimia Nervosa
Causes of Bulimia Nervosa
Treating Bulimia Nervosa
Case of Anne Hart
Bulimia Nervosa
Eating Disorders and Sports
Binge Eating Disorder
Eating Disorders
Summary
Study Resources. Review Questions
Key Terms and Concepts
11 Sexuality Disorders and Gender Dysphoria
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Sexuality in Context
Historical Perspectives
Recent Studies on the Sexual Activities of Americans
Sexuality and the Clashing of Cultures
Sexual Desire, Arousal, and Response
Your Brain and Sexual Activity
Normal Sexual Functioning
Sexual Dysfunction Disorders
Erectile Disorder
Female Orgasmic Disorder
Delayed Ejaculation
Early Ejaculation
Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder
Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder
Treatment Approaches for Sexual Dysfunction Disorders
Sex Therapy
Medications and Other Treatments
Paraphilic Disorders
Exhibitionistic Disorder
Frotteuristic Disorder
Fetishistic Disorder
Pedophilic Disorder
Sexual Masochism Disorder
Sexual Sadism Disorder
Transvestic Disorder
Voyeuristic Disorder
Other Paraphilic Disorders
Causes and Treatment Approaches for Paraphilic Disorders
Case of George Nadel
Court-Mandated Treatment for Child Pornography Possession
Gender Dysphoria
Gender Roles, Gender Identity, and Gender Dysphoria
Development, Characteristics, and Prevalence of Gender Dysphoria
The Brain and Gender Dysphoria
Providing Assistance for Individuals With Gender Dysphoria
Transgender: Bruce Jenner’s Journey to Caitlyn Jenner
Sexual and Gender-Related Experiences
Summary
Study Resources. Review Questions
Key Terms and Concepts
12 Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Drug Use in the United States
Substance Abuse, Dependence, and Addiction
Substance Disorders in DSM–5 and ICD-10
Who Becomes Addicted?
Genetic, Environmental, and Evolutionary Influences
Pattern of Addiction
Can Drugs Change Your Brain?
Alcohol
DSM–5 Alcohol-Related Disorders
Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
Case of Richard Thompson
Alcohol Use Disorder
Effects of Alcohol on the Human Body
Moderate, Heavy, and Binge Drinking
Rates of Drinking
Do People Who Drink More Like It More?
Marijuana, Hallucinogens, and Opioids
Cannabis
The Legalization of Marijuana
Cannabis and Psychosis
Hallucinogens
Opioids
Do You Have Opium Receptors in Your Brain?
Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines, Caffeine, and Nicotine
Cocaine
Cocaine, Dopamine, and Your Brain
Amphetamines
Amphetamines as a Medicine
Caffeine
Tobacco and Nicotine
Gambling
Treatment of Substance-Related Disorders
Principles of Effective Treatment
Drug Use—Rehabilitation, Not Jail
Psychosocial Therapies and Addiction
The 12-Step Program
Controlled Drinking Approaches
Medications Used to Treat Addiction
Summary
Study Resources. Review Questions
Key Terms and Concepts
13 Schizophrenia
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Schizophrenia Basics: Prevalence, Course, and Symptoms
Prevalence and Course of Schizophrenia
Positive and Negative Symptoms
Elyn Saks Describes Her Day-to-Day Experiences With Schizophrenia
Positive Symptoms
Negative Symptoms
Multilevel Process for Diagnosing Schizophrenia
Are There Subtypes of Schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia
Historical and Evolutionary Perspectives on Schizophrenia
Historical Perspective
Case of James Stern
Schizophrenia
Evolutionary Perspective
Factors in the Development of Schizophrenia
Genetic Factors in Schizophrenia
Endophenotypes Associated With Schizophrenia
Factor Analysis
Causes and Effects: Neuroscience Findings About Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia and Brain Function
What Brain Changes Are Seen in Schizophrenia?
Ventricle Changes in Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia and Brain Networks
Neurotransmitters Involved in Schizophrenia
How Are Cognitive Processes Changed in Schizophrenia?
Treating Individuals With Schizophrenia
Mercy Bookings of Mental Patients
Antipsychotic Medications
Psychosocial Interventions for Schizophrenia
Mental Health Networks of Those With Serious Mental Health Disorders
Summary
Study Resources. Review Questions
Key Terms and Concepts
14 Personality Disorders
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Personality Disorders and Personality
What Is a Personality Disorder?
Comorbidity of Personality Disorders
Global Mental Health: Personality Disorders
Personality Disorders and Typical Personality Traits
The Characteristics of a Healthy Self
Typical Personality Traits
Evolution and Different Personality Characteristics
Maladaptive Personality Traits and Personality Disorders
Categories and Dimensions
Environmental and Genetic Studies of Personality Disorders
Odd, Eccentric Personality Disorders
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Case of Nathan James
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Dramatic Emotional Personality Disorders
Antisocial Personality Disorder and Psychopathy
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Psychopathy
Case of Jim Nelson
Mandated Treatment for Child Sexual Abuse
Brain Involvement in Psychopathy
Borderline Personality Disorder
Case of Amy James
Borderline Personality Disorder
Brain Studies of Those With Borderline Personality Disorder
Trust and Borderline Personality Disorder
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Case of Amy Porter
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Case of Dawn Nichols
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Anxious Fearful Personality Disorders
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Dependent Personality Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Treatment of Personality Disorders
Dialectical Behavior Therapy
Other Proven Therapies for Treating Borderline Personality Disorder
Marsha Linehan, Creating Dialectical Behavior Therapy From Her Own Experiences
Treatments for Other Personality Disorders
Personality Disorders
Summary
Study Resources. Review Questions
Key Terms and Concepts
15 Neurocognitive Disorders
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
Normal Cognitive Changes Related to Aging
Do Cognitive Abilities Change With Age?
How the Brain Changes With Age
z-Score
Delirium
Characteristics, Prevalence, and Causes of Delirium
Case of Bobby Baldwin
Delirium
Mild and Major Neurocognitive Disorders
Characteristics, Prevalence, and Diagnosis of Neurocognitive Disorders
Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Alzheimer’s Disease
Characteristics, Prevalence, and Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease
Neurocognitive Disorders
Neurofibrillary Tangles and Neuritic Plaques
Genes and Alzheimer’s Disease
Neuroimaging of Alzheimer’s Disease
Other Neurocognitive Disorders
Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder
Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder
The Development of Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder in a Scientist and Artist
Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Traumatic Brain Injury
Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Lewy Body Dementia
Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Parkinson’s Disease
Neurocognitive Disorder Due to HIV Infection
Substance-Induced Neurocognitive Disorder
Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Huntington’s Disease
The Silent Epidemic of Concussion in Sports
Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Prion Disease
Prevention, Treatment, and Support
Prevention of Neurocognitive Disorders
Can an Individual’s Activities Be Protective in Brain Changes?
Treatment of and Support for Those With Neurocognitive Disorders
Dementia-Friendly Communities
Summary
Study Resources. Review Questions
Key Terms and Concepts
16 The Law and Mental Health
Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
The American Legal System and the Insanity Defense
Mental Health and the Law in the Real World—Failure of a System?
Competency to Stand Trial
A Public Case: Andrea Yates
Ethical and Legal Issues in Treatment
The Ethical and Legal Aspects of the Initial Contract for Treatment
Emergency Commitment
Sexual Predator Laws
A Public Case: Jeffrey Dahmer
Global Mental Health: Prisoners and Mental Health
Neuroscience and Evolutionary Perspectives on the Legal Aspects of Psychopathology
The Implications of Solitary Confinement
Legal Issues
Summary
Study Resources. Review Questions
Key Terms and Concepts
Glossary
References
Author Index
Subject Index
