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ST. PAUL THE TRAVELLER

AND

THE ROMAN CITIZEN

THE MORGAN LECTURES FOR 1894

IN THE

AUBURN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY

AND

MANSFIELD COLLEGE LECTURES, 1895

ST. PAUL THE TRAVELLER

AND

THE ROMAN CITIZEN

BY

W.M. RAMSAY, D.C.L., LL.D.

PROFESSOR OF THE HUMANITY, ABERDEEN

ORD. MITGLIED D. KAIS. DEUTSCH. ARCHÄOLOG. GESELLSCH. 1884

HON. MEMBER, ATHENIAN ARCHÆOLOG. SOC., 1895; FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF CLASSICAL

ARCHÆOLOGY AND FELLOW OF EXETER AND OF LINCOLN COLLEGE, OXFORD

LEVERING LECTURER IN JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, 1894

London

HODDER AND STOUGHTON

27 PATERNOSTER ROW

MDCCCXCV

THE MORGAN LECTURES

(Through the liberality of Mr. Henry A. Morgan, Aurora, N.Y.j.

In the Theological Seminary of Auburn in the State of

New York, 1894.

ST. PAUL AS A TRAVELLER.

_________

MANSFIELD COLLEGE LECTURES, 1895.

ST. PAUL AS A CITIZEN OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.

To

ANDREW MITCHELL, Esq.,

THE WALK HOUSE, ALLOA

My Dear Uncle,

In my undergraduate days, a residence in Göttingen during the Long Vacation of 1874 was a critical point in my life. Then for the first time, under the tuition of Professor THEODORE BENFEY, I came into close relations with a great scholar of the modern type, and gained some insight into modern methods of literary investigation; and my thoughts have ever since turned towards the border lands between European and Asiatic civilisation. That visit, like many other things, I owe to you; and now I send you the result, such as it is, the best that I can do, asking that you will allow it to go forth with your name attached to it.

I remain always, your affectionate nephew

WILLIAM MITCHELL RAMSAY:

King s Colleye, Aberdeen,

17th September, 1895.

PREFACE.

WHEN I was honoured by the invitation of Auburn Theological Seminary, I referred the matter to my friends, Dr. Fairbairn and Dr. Sanday, who knew what were my circumstances and other duties. On their advice the invitation was accepted; and it included the condition that the lectures must be published. In revising the printed sheets I have felt strongly the imperfections of the exposition; but I can feel no doubt about the facts themselves, which seem to stand out so clear and distance, that one has only to look and write. Hence I have not withdrawn from any of the positions maintained in my Church in the Roman Empire before 170 (apart from incidental imperfections). The present work is founded on the results for which evidence is there accumulated; but, in place of its neutral tone, a definite theory about the composition of Acts is

viii Preface.

here maintained (see p.383 f.). Many references were made, at first, to pages of that work, and of my Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia (1895), where views here assumed were explained and defended; but they had an egotistic appearance, and, on the advice of a valued friend, have been cut out from the proof-sheets.

I use in Acts the canons of interpretation which I have learned from many teachers (beyond all others from Mommsen) to apply to history; and I have looked at Paul and Luke as men among men. My aim has been to state the facts of Paul’s life simply, avoiding argument and controversy so far as was possible in a subject where every point is controverted. I have sometimes thought of a supplementary volume of Elucidations of Early Christian History, in which reasons should be stated more fully.¹

It is impossible to find anything to say about Acts that has not been said before by somebody.

1 Articles in The Expositor, Apr.-Aug., 1895 (P art of my Auburn material, excluded by the plan of this book) have that object ; also two articles, Sept. and Oct.

Preface. ix

Doubtless almost everything I have to say might be supported by some quotation. But if a history of opinion about Acts had been desired, I should not have been applied to. Where I was conscious of having learned any special point from any special scholar I have mentioned his name; but that, of course does not exhaust half my debt. The interpretation of one of the great ancient authors is a long slow growth; one is not conscious where he learned most of his ideas; and, if he were, their genesis is a matter of no interest or value to others. Not merely the writers quoted, but also Schürer, Meyer-Wendt, Zöckler, Holtzmann, Clemen, Spitta, Zeller, Everett, Paley, Page, and many others, have taught me; and I thankfully acknowledge my debt. But specially Lightfoot, Lewin’s Fatsi Sacri, and the two greatest editors of Acts, Wetstein and Blass, have been constant companions.

Discussions with my wife, and with my friends, Professor W. P. Paterson, Rev. A. F. Findlay, and above all, Prof. Rendel Harris, have cleared my ideas on many points, beyond what can be distinctly specified. The book has been greatly improved

x Preface.

by criticisms from Prof. Rendel Harris, and by many notes and suggestions from Rev. A. C. Headlam, which were of great value to me. Mr. A. Souter, Caius College, Cambridge, has aided me in many ways, and especially by compiling Index I. But it would be vain to try to enumerate all my obligations to many friends.

I wish to mention two facts about the genesis of my studies in this subject: (1) Dr. Fairbairn proposed to me the subject of “St. Paul as a Citizen” long ago; and I long shrank from it as too great and too difficult; (2) Dr. Robertson Nicoll (mindful of early acquaintance in Aberdeen) urged me in 1884 to write, and gave me no peace, until I published a first article,Expositor, Oct., 1888.

An apology is due for the variations, often harsh, from the familiar translation of Acts; but a little insertion or change often saved a paragraph.

Preface. xi

Lectures which I had the honour to give before the Harvard University, Johns Hopkins University (the Levering Lectures), and Union Seminary, New York, are worked up in this volume.

KING'S COLLEGE

ABERDEEN, 23rd September, 1895

CONTENTS.

	PAGES
CHAPTER I. THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES	1-28
i. Trustworthiness, i. 2. Development of Modern Criticism
on Acts, 10. 3. Working Hypothesis of the Investiga-
tion, 14. 4. The Author of Acts and his Hero, 20.
5. The Text of Acts, 23. Note, τὸν πρῶτον λόγον, 27.
CHAPTER II. THE ORIGIN OF ST. PAUL	29-39
i. Paul s Nationality, 29. 2. His Family, 34. 3. His Per-
sonality, 37.
CHAPTER III. THE CHURCH IN ANTIOCH	40-69
i. The Gentiles in the Church, 40. 2. The Coming of
Barnabas and the Summoning of Saul, 44. 3. The
Antiochian Collection for the Poor of Jerusalem, 48.
4. The Return from Jerusalem to Antioch, 60. 5. The
Mission of Barnabas and Saul, 64. Note. Date of the
Famine, 68.
CHAPTER IV. THE MISSIONARY JOURNEY OF BARNABAS	70-88
AND SAUL
i. Cyprus and Salamis, 70. 2. Paphos, 73. 3. The
Magian and the Apostle, 77. 4. Saul, otherwise Paul,
81.

Contents.

PAGES

CHAPTER V. FOUNDATION OF THE CHURCHES OF
GALATIA	89-129
i. Pamphylia, 89. 2. "The Thorn in the Flesh," 94.
3. The Synagogue in Pisidian Antioch, 98. 4. The
Church at Pisidian Antioch, 102. 5. Iconium, 107.
6. The Cities of Lycaonia, no. 7. Lystra, 114. 8. The
Apostles as Gods, 116. 9. Derbe, 119. 10. Organisa
tion of the New Churches, 120. n. Pisidia and
Pamphylia, 123. 12. The Churches 124. Note i.
Date, 128. Note 2. Declension of Lystra, 128.
CHAPTER VI. ST. PAUL IN GALATIA	130-151
i. The Imperial and the Christian Policy, 130. 2. The Jews
in Asia and South Galatia, 141. 3. Tone of Paul s
Address to the Galatian Audiences, 144.
CHAPTER VII. THE APOSTOLIC COUNCIL	152-177
i. Origin of the Council, 152. 2. The Dispute in Antioch,
155. 3. The Council, 166. 4. The Decree, 171. 5.
The Return to Antioch, 174. 6. The Separation of
Paul and Barnabas, 175.
CHAPTER VIII. HISTORY OF THE CHURCHES OF
GALATIA -	178-193
i. The Visit of Paul and Silas, 178. 2. The Desertion of the
Galatians, 182. 3. Letter to the Churches of Galatia,
184. 4. The Date of the Galatian Epistle, 189. 5. The
Later History of the Churches of Galatia, 192.

Contents.

PAGES

CHAPTER IX. THE COMING OF LUKE AND THE CALL
INTO MACEDONIA	194-212
i. Across Asia, 194. 2. The Call into Macedonia, 198. 3.
The Coming of Luke, 200. 4. The Entrance into
Macedonia, 205. Note i. τὴν Φρυγίαν καὶ Γαλατικὴν
χώραν 210. Note 2. διῆλθον τὴν Φ. καὶ Γ. χώραν
κωλυθέντες , 2 I I.
CHAPTER X. THE CHURCHES OF MACEDONIA	213-236
i. Philippi, 213. 2. The Ventriloquist, 215. 3. Accusa
tion and Condemnation in Philippi, 217. 4. The Prison
and the Earthquake, 219. 5. Release and Departure
from Philippi, 222. 6. Thessalonica, 226. 7. The
Riot at Thessalonica, 228. 8. Bercea, 231. Note i.
The Place of Prayer at Philippi, 235. Note 2. The
Synagogue at Thessalonica, 235.
	237-261
CHAPTER XI. ATHENS AND CORINTH
i. Athens, 237. 2. In the University at Athens, 241.
3. The Speech before the Council of Areopagus, 249.
4. Corinth, 253. 5. The Synagogue and the Gentiles
in Corinth, 255. 6. The Imperial Policy in its Relation
to Paul and to Christian Preaching, 257. Note i. 6
"Apetos Udyos, 260. Note 2. Gallic, 261.
CHAPTER XII. THE CHURCH IN ASIA	262-282
i. The Syrian Voyage and the Return to Ephesus, 262. 2.
Apollos, Priscilla and Aquila, 267. 3. Ephesus, 269.
4. The Church in the Province of Asia, 273. 5.
Demetrius the Silversmith, 277.

Contents.

PAGES

CHAPTER XIII. THE VOYAGE TO JERUSALEM	283-313
i. The Second European Journey, 283. 2. The Contribu-
tion of the Four Provinces, 286. 3. The Voyage to
Troas, 289. 4. Eutychus, 290. 5. The Voyage to
Caesareia, 291. 6. Caesareia and Jerusalem, 301. 7.
The Crisis in the Fate of Paul and cf the Church, 303.
8. Finances of the Trial, 310. Note. Procuratorship
of Felix, 313.
CHAPTER XIV. THE VOYAGE TO ROME	314-343
i. Caesareia to Myra, 314. 2. Myra to Fair Havens, 320.
3. The Council, 321. 4. The Storm, 326. 5. Drifting,
330. 6. Land, 333. 7. Paul s Action on the Ship, 336.
8. On Shore, 339. 9. Malta, 342.
CHAPTER XV. ST. PAUL IN ROME	344-362
i. The Coming to Rome, 344. 2. The Residence in Rome,
349. 3. Seneca and Paul, 353. 4. The Trial, 356.
5. Last Trial and Death of Paul. 360. Note. Text of
XXVIII 16, 362.
CHAPTER XVI. CHRONOLOGY OF EARLY CHURCH
HISTORY 30-40 A.D.	363-382
i The State of the Church in A.D. 30, 363. 2. Trustworthi -
ness of the Narrative, Acts I-V, 367. 3. Appoint
ment of Stephen and the Seven, 372. 4. Philip the
Evangelist and Peter, 377. 5. Paul in Judaea and
Arabia, 379.
CHAPTER XVII. COMPOSITION AND DATE OF ACTS	383-390
i. Hypothesis of the "Travel-Document," 383. 2. Date of
the Composition of Acts, 386. 3. Theophilus, 388.
4. The Family of Luke, 389.
MAP. THE PAULINE WORLD, in pocket at end.