Оглавление
Yi Huang. Antennas
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Antennas. From Theory to Practice
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Acronyms and Constants
About the Author
About the Companion Website
1 Introduction. 1.1 A Brief History of Antennas
1.2 Radio Systems and Antennas
1.3 Necessary Mathematics
1.3.1 Complex Numbers
1.3.2 Vectors and Vector Operation
Example 1.1 Vector operation
Solution
1.3.3 Coordinates
1.4 Basics of EMs
1.4.1 Electric Field
1.4.2 Magnetic Field
1.4.3 Maxwell’s Equations
1.4.3.1 Faraday's Law of Induction
1.4.3.2 Amperes’ Circuital Law
1.4.3.3 Gauss' Law for Electric Field
1.4.3.4 Gauss’ Law for Magnetic Field
1.4.4 Boundary Conditions
1.5 Summary
References
Problems
2 Circuit Concepts and Transmission Lines
2.1 Circuit Concepts
2.1.1 Lumped and Distributed Element Systems
2.2 Transmission Line Theory
2.2.1 Transmission Line Model
2.2.2 Solutions and Analysis
2.2.2.1 Lossless Transmission Lines
2.2.2.2 Low‐Loss Transmission Lines
2.2.3 Terminated Transmission Line
2.2.3.1 Input Impedance
Example 2.1 Input impedance
Solution
Example 2.2 Input impedance of a low‐loss transmission line
Solution
Example 2.3 Quarter‐wavelength transform
Solution
2.2.3.2 Reflection Coefficient and Return Loss
Example 2.4 Reflection coefficient and return loss of a lossless transmission line
Solution
Example 2.5 Reflection coefficient and return loss of a low‐loss transmission line
Solution
2.2.3.3 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
Example 2.6 VSWR
Solution
2.3 The Smith Chart and Impedance Matching. 2.3.1 The Smith Chart
Example 2.7 Input impedance and reflection coefficient
Solution
2.3.2 Impedance Matching
2.3.2.1 Lumped Matching Networks
Example 2.8 Impedance matching
Solution
2.3.2.2 Distributed Matching Networks
Example 2.9 Impedance matching and bandwidth
Solution
2.3.2.3 Adaptive Impedance Matching
2.3.3 Quality Factor and Bandwidth
2.4 Various Transmission Lines
2.4.1 Two‐wire Transmission Line
2.4.1.1 Characteristic Impedance
2.4.1.2 Fundamental Mode
2.4.1.3 Loss
2.4.2 Coaxial Cable
2.4.2.1 Characteristic Impedance
2.4.2.2 Fundamental Mode
2.4.2.3 Loss
2.4.3 Microstrip Line
2.4.3.1 Characteristic Impedance
2.4.3.2 Fundamental Mode
2.4.3.3 Loss
2.4.4 Stripline
2.4.4.1 Characteristic Impedance
2.4.4.2 Fundamental Mode
2.4.4.3 Loss
2.4.5 Coplanar Waveguide (CPW)
2.4.5.1 Characteristic Impedance
2.4.5.2 Fundamental Mode
2.4.5.3 Loss
2.4.6 Waveguide
2.4.6.1 Fundamental Mode
2.4.6.2 Cutoff Frequency, Waveguide Wavelength, and Characteristic Impedance
2.4.7 New Transmission Lines (SIW, Gap Waveguide, and MSTL) and Comparisons
2.4.7.1 Substrate‐Integrated Waveguide
2.4.7.2 Gap Waveguide
2.4.7.3 Mode‐Selective Transmission Line
2.5 Connectors
2.6 Summary
References
Problems
Notes
3 Field Concepts and Radiowaves
3.1 Wave Equation and Solutions
3.1.1 Discussion on Wave Solutions
3.2 Plane Wave, Intrinsic Impedance, and Polarization. 3.2.1 Plane Wave and Intrinsic Impedance
3.2.2 Polarization
3.3 Radiowave Propagation Mechanisms
3.3.1 Reflection and Transmission
Example 3.1 Reflection on a perfect conductor
Solution
Example 3.2 Reflection on a ground
Solution
3.3.1.1 Effects of Reflection and Transmission on Wave Polarization
3.3.1.2 Radiowave Through a Wall
Example 3.3 Reflection of a wall
Solution
3.3.2 Diffraction and Huygens’ Principle
3.3.3 Scattering
3.4 Radiowave Propagation Characteristics in Media
3.4.1 Media Classification and Attenuation
3.4.1.1 Propagation Through Ionosphere
3.4.1.2 Propagation in Rain
3.4.1.3 Propagation in Snow
3.4.1.4 Propagation Through Fog
3.5 Radiowave Propagation Models
3.5.1 Free Space Model
3.5.2 Two‐ray Model/Plane Earth Model
3.5.3 Multipath Models
3.6 Comparison of Circuit Concepts and Field Concepts
3.6.1 Skin Depth
3.6.1.1 Skin Depth – Field Concepts
3.6.1.2 Skin Depth – Circuit Concepts
3.7 Summary
References
Problems
4 Antenna Basics
4.1 Antennas to Radiowaves
4.1.1 Near Field and Far Field
4.1.1.1 Far Field (Fraunhofer Region)
4.1.1.2 Near Field
4.1.2 Radiation Pattern
4.1.3 Directivity, Gain/Realized Gain and Radiation Efficiency
Example 4.1 Directivity
Solution
Example 4.2 Gain and total radiated power
Solution
4.1.3.1 EIRP
Example 4.3 EIRP and ERP
Solution
4.1.4 Effective Aperture and Aperture Efficiency
Example 4.4 Effective aperture
Solution
4.1.4.1 Effective Height and Antenna Factor
4.1.5 Other Parameters from the Field Point of View. 4.1.5.1 Polarization
4.1.5.2 Bandwidth
4.1.5.3 Antenna Temperature
4.1.5.4 Friis Transmission Formula and Radar Cross Section
4.2 Antennas to Transmission Lines
4.2.1 Input Impedance and Radiation Resistance
4.2.2 Reflection Coefficient, Return Loss, and VSWR
4.2.3 Other Parameters from the Circuit Point of View. 4.2.3.1 Radiation Efficiency, Reflection Efficiency, and Total Efficiency
Example 4.5 Matching, total efficiency, and radiated power
Solution
4.2.3.2 Bandwidth
4.3 Summary
References
Problems
5 Popular Antennas
5.1 Wire‐Type Antennas
5.1.1 Dipoles
5.1.1.1 Current Distribution
5.1.1.2 Radiation Pattern
5.1.1.3 Directivity and Gain
5.1.1.4 Radiation Resistance and Input Impedance
5.1.1.5 Why the Half‐Wavelength Dipole Is the Most Popular Dipole?
Example 5.1 Short Dipole
Solution
5.1.2 Monopoles and Image Theory
5.1.2.1 Image Theory
5.1.2.2 Monopole Antennas
5.1.2.3 Effects of Ground Plane
5.1.3 Loops and Duality Principle
5.1.3.1 Duality Principle
5.1.3.2 Small Loops
5.1.3.3 Loop Antenna: General Case
5.1.3.4 Discussion
5.1.4 Helical Antennas
5.1.4.1 Normal‐Mode Helix
5.1.4.2 Axial‐Mode Helix
Example 5.2 Axial Helix
Solution
5.1.5 Yagi–Uda Antennas
5.1.5.1 Operational Principle
5.1.5.2 Current Distribution
5.1.5.3 Radiation Pattern
5.1.5.4 Directivity and the Boom
5.1.5.5 Input Impedance
5.1.5.6 Antenna Design
5.1.6 Log‐Periodic Antennas and Frequency‐Independent Antennas
5.1.6.1 Operational Principle of Log‐Periodic Antennas
5.1.6.2 Antenna Design
Example 5.3 Log‐Periodic Antenna Design
Solution
5.1.6.3 Frequency‐Independent Antennas
2.4.3.3 Scaling
2.4.4 Angle Conditions
2.4.4.1 Self‐complementary
5.2 Aperture‐Type Antennas
5.2.1 Fourier Transform and Radiated Field
Example 5.4 Radiation from an Open‐Ended Waveguide
Solution
5.2.2 Horn Antennas
5.2.2.1 Pyramidal Horns
Example 5.5 Optimum Horn Design
Solution
5.2.2.2 Other Horn Antennas
5.2.3 Reflector and Lens Antennas
5.2.3.1 Paraboloidal Reflector Characteristics
5.2.3.2 Analysis and Design
Aperture Efficiency and Directivity
2.4.7 Design Considerations and Procedures
Example 5.6 Edge Taper and Spillover Efficiency
Solution
5.2.3.3 Offset Parabolic Reflectors
5.2.3.4 Lens Antennas
5.2.4 Slot Antennas and Babinet’s Principle
5.2.5 Microstrip Antennas
5.2.5.1 Operational Principles
5.2.5.2 Analysis and Design
Radiation Pattern and Directivity
Input Impedance and Bandwidth
Design Equations and Procedures
Example 5.7 Design a Rectangular Patch
Solution
5.2.5.3 Ground Plane
5.3 Antenna Arrays
5.3.1 Basic Concept
5.3.2 Isotropic Linear Arrays
5.3.2.1 Phased Arrays
5.3.2.2 Broadside and End‐fire Arrays
5.3.2.3 The Hansen–Woodyard End‐fire Array
5.3.2.4 The Dolph–Tschebyscheff (D–T) Optimum Distribution
5.3.3 Pattern Multiplication Principle
5.3.4 Element Mutual Coupling
5.4 Discussions
5.5 Some Practical Considerations
5.5.1 Transmitting and Receiving Antennas: Reciprocity
5.5.2 Balun and Impedance Matching
5.5.3 Antenna Polarization
5.5.3.1 Circular Polarization
5.5.3.2 Polarization Match and Mismatch
5.5.4 Radomes, Housings, and Supporting Structures
5.5.4.1 Design of Radomes and Housings
5.5.4.2 Effects of Radome and Housing
5.5.4.3 Antenna Supporting Structure
5.6 Summary
References
Problems
Note
6 Computer‐Aided Antenna Design and Analysis
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Computational Electromagnetics for Antennas
6.2.1 Method of Moments (MoM)
6.2.1.1 Introduction to MoM
Example 6.1 MoM
Solution
6.2.1.2 Analysis of a Dipole Antenna Using MoM
6.2.1.3 Discussion and Conclusions
6.2.2 Finite Element Method (FEM)
6.2.3 Finite‐Difference Time‐Domain (FDTD) Method
6.2.4 Transmission Line Modeling (TLM) Method
6.2.5 Comparison of Numerical Methods
6.2.6 High‐Frequency Methods
6.3 Computer Simulation Software
6.3.1 Simple Simulation Tools
6.3.2 Advanced Simulation Tools
6.3.2.1 CST Studio Suite
6.3.2.2 HFSS
6.3.2.3 FEKO
6.3.2.4 TICRA
6.4 Examples of Computer‐Aided Design
6.4.1 Wire‐type Antenna Design and Analysis
6.4.1.1 Design Examples. Example 6.2 14 MHz dipole for Ham radio transceiver
Solution
Example 6.3 Monopole array
Solution
6.4.2 General Antenna Design and Analysis
6.4.2.1 Design Examples
Example 6.4 Dual‐band GSM antenna
Solution
6.5 Theory of Characteristic Modes for Antenna Design
6.5.1 Mathematical Formulation of Characteristic Modes
6.5.2 Physical Interpretation of Characteristic Modes
6.5.3 Examples of Using TCM for Antenna Designs
6.6 Summary
References
Problems
7 Antenna Materials, Fabrication, and Measurements
7.1 Materials for Antennas
7.1.1 Conducting Materials
7.1.2 Dielectric Materials
7.1.3 Composites
7.1.4 Metamaterials and Metasurfaces
7.1.4.1 Metasurfaces
7.2 Antenna Fabrication
7.2.1 PCB‐Based Fabrication
7.2.2 MEMS
7.2.3 LTCC
7.2.4 LCP
7.2.5 LDS
7.2.6 Printing
7.3 Antenna Measurement Basics
7.3.1 Scattering Parameters
7.3.2 Network Analyzers
7.3.2.1 The Configuration of a VNA
7.3.2.2 What Can a VNA be Used to Measure?
7.3.2.3 Calibration and Measurement Errors
7.4 Antenna Measurement Facilities
7.4.1 Open‐Area Test Site
7.4.2 Anechoic Chamber
7.4.2.1 An Example of an Anechoic Chamber
7.4.3 Compact Antenna Test Range (CATR)/Plane Wave Generator (PWG)
7.4.4 Near‐Field Systems
7.4.4.1 Planar and Cylindrical Near‐Field Systems
7.4.4.2 Spherical Near‐Field Systems
7.4.5 Reverberation Chamber
7.5 Impedance, S11, and VSWR Measurements
7.5.1 Can I Measure These Parameters in My Office?
7.5.2 Effects of a Small Section of a Transmission Line or a Connector
7.5.3 Effects of Packages on Antennas
7.6 Radiation Pattern Measurements
7.6.1 Far‐field Condition
7.6.2 Far‐field Radiation Pattern Measurements
7.6.3 Near‐field Radiation Pattern Measurements
7.7 Gain Measurements
7.7.1 Gain Comparison Measurements
7.7.2 Two‐antenna Measurement
7.7.3 Three‐antenna Measurement
7.8 Efficiency Measurements
7.9 Miscellaneous Topics
7.9.1 Impedance De‐embedding Techniques
7.9.2 MIMO Over‐the‐Air Testing
7.9.3 Probe Array in Near Field Systems
7.9.3.1 Introduction
7.9.3.2 Multi‐Probe Systems
7.9.3.3 Probe Array Calibration
7.9.3.4 Gain Calibration
7.9.3.5 Applications and Performance Validation
7.9.3.6 OTA Measurements
7.9.3.7 Power Density Measurements
7.10 Summary
References
Problems
8 Special Topics
8.1 Electrically Small Antennas
8.1.1 The Basics and Impedance Bandwidth Limits
8.1.1.1 Introduction
8.1.1.2 Slope Parameters
8.1.1.3 Impedance Bandwidth and Q factor
8.1.1.4 Fundamental Limits of Antenna Size, Q, and Efficiency
8.1.1.5 The Limits of Bandwidth Broadening
8.1.1.6 Discussions and Conclusions
8.1.2 Antenna Size Reduction Techniques
8.1.2.1 Top Loading
8.1.2.2 Matching
8.1.2.3 Reactive Loading
8.1.2.4 Dielectric Loading
8.1.3 Summary
8.2 Mobile Antennas. 8.2.1 Introduction
8.2.2 Mobile Terminal Antennas. 8.2.2.1 The Radio Frequency Bands
8.2.2.2 Antenna Design Requirements
8.2.2.3 Typical Classical Mobile Antennas
Monopoles
Helical Antennas
Monopole‐Like Antennas
Inverted F Antennas and Planar Inverted F Antennas
8.2.2.4 Typical Smartphone Antennas
8.2.2.5 The Effect of the PCB
8.2.2.6 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)
8.2.3 Multipath and Antenna Diversity. 8.2.3.1 Multipath and Mean Effective Gain
8.2.3.2 Antenna Diversity
Polarization Diversity
Spatial Diversity
Radiation Pattern Diversity
8.2.3.3 Combining Methods
Switched Combining (SWC)
Selection Combining (SC)
Equal Gain Combining (EGC)
Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC)
8.2.3.4 The Effect of Branch Correlation
8.2.3.5 The Effect of Unequal Branch Powers
8.2.3.6 Examples of Diversity Antennas
8.2.4 User Interaction. 8.2.4.1 Introduction
8.2.4.2 Body Materials
8.2.4.3 Typical Losses
8.2.5 Mobile Base‐Station Antennas
8.2.5.1 Outdoor Base‐Station Antennas
Sectorial Antennas
Omni‐directional Antennas
8.2.5.2 Indoor Base‐Station Antennas
8.2.6 Summary
8.3 Multiple‐Input Multiple‐Output (MIMO) Antennas
8.3.1 MIMO Basics
8.3.2 MIMO Antennas and Key Parameters
8.3.2.1 Mutual Coupling/Isolation
8.3.2.2 Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC)
8.3.2.3 Diversity Gain
8.3.2.4 Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC)
8.3.3 MIMO Antenna Designs
8.3.4 Summary
8.4 Multiband and Wideband Antennas. 8.4.1 Introduction
8.4.2 Multiband Antennas. 8.4.2.1 Techniques
Higher Order Resonances
Resonant Traps
Combined Resonant Structures
Parasitic Resonators
8.4.2.2 Examples
8.4.3 Wideband Antennas
8.4.4 Summary
8.5 RFID Antennas. 8.5.1 Introduction
8.5.2 Near Field Systems
8.5.3 Far‐Field Systems
8.5.4 Summary
8.6 Reconfigurable Antennas. 8.6.1 Introduction
8.6.2 Switch and Variable Component Technologies
8.6.3 Resonant Mode Switching/Tuning
8.6.4 Feed Network Switching/Tuning
8.6.5 Mechanical Reconfiguration
8.6.6 Liquid Reconfigurable Antennas
8.6.7 Discussion and Summary
8.7 Automotive Antennas
8.7.1 Introduction
8.7.2 Antenna Designs. 8.7.2.1 AM/FM/DAB Radios
8.7.2.2 Shark‐Fin Module
8.7.3 24 GHz and 77 GHz Radar
TPMS
8.7.4 Summary
8.8 Reflector Antennas
8.8.1 Fundamentals of Reflector Design
8.8.2 Feed Design
8.8.3 Dual and Multiple Reflector Designs. 8.8.3.1 Dual Reflector Designs
8.8.3.2 Multiple Reflector Designs
8.8.4 Blockage Effects
8.8.4.1 Offset Reflectors
8.8.5 Overview of Reflector Analysis
8.8.5.1 Physical Optics, GTD and PTD
8.8.5.2 Reflector Shaping
8.8.5.3 Reducing Sidelobe Levels
8.8.5.4 Dual Reflector Synthesis
8.8.5.5 Single Reflector Synthesis
8.8.5.6 Array‐Fed Antennas
8.8.6 Summary
8.9 Chapter Summary
References
Note
Index. A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
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