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Zhongjian Mu. Handbook of the History of Religions in China II
Overall Description
About the authors
About the translator
Major Dynasties in Chinese History
An Overview
Primitive Religions and Flourishing Buddhism in Liao. 1) Traditional Khitan beliefs and the tendency of Sinicization
(A) The combined cults of Mount Muye, Heaven and Earth
(B) Sacrificial ceremonies dedicated to ancestors and funerals
2) The prevalence of Buddhism and its characteristics (A) The Khitan rulers and Buddhism
(B) Buddhist schools, representative figures and writings in Liao
(C) Buddhism and socio-cultural development of Liao
Religions in Song Dynasties: Syncretism and Evolution. 1)Revising and perfecting the sacrificial codes applicable to the state religion
(A) Ceremonies of sacrificing to Heaven and Earth
(B) Shrines and temples created for earth and grain gods, mountain and river gods, gods in nine celestial palaces, Confucius and Jiang Ziya
(C) Ancestral temples and the code with regard to mourning apparel
(D) Sacrificial ceremonies in prefectures and counties
2) The equal importance of meditation and doctrine in Buddhist practice and the syncretism of Buddhism and Confucianism (A) Policies in favor of Buddhism and the religion’s vibrant growth
(B) The translation and publication of Buddhist sutras
(C) The growth of Zen Buddhism
(D) The Tiantai School and its contentions for orthodoxy
(E) Other Buddhist sects
(F) Qisong, Zhiyuan and the growing fusion of Buddhism and Confucianism
(G) Buddhism and Song civilization
3) Thriving Daoism
(A) The rulers’ advocacy of Daoism
(B) The growth and maturity of Teachings of Alchemy
(C) Transmutations of the Daoist sects devoted to mysterious symbols and drawings
(D) Daoist impacts on lixue, or Learning of Principle
4) Manichaeism, Islam, Judaism and Zoroastrianism (A) Manichaeism
(B) Islam
(C) Judaism
(D) Zoroastrianism
Religions in Jin dynasty
1) Conventional customs of the Jurchen people and the creation of institutions with respect to the Jurchen state religion
2) The growing popularity of Buddhism (A) Jin’s limited policies in support of Buddhism
(B) Buddhist schools and their representative figures in Jin
3) The emergence and growth of new Daoist schools in areas north of the Yellow River
(A) Quanzhen Dao, or the All Truth Daoism
(B)Taiyi jiao 太一教 (The Supreme Oneness Daoism)
(3) Dadao jiao 大道教 (The Great Way Daoism, or the True Great Way Daoism)
Religions in the Western Xia Dynasty
1) Primitive sorcery and the cult of spirits (A) The cults of nature and spirits
(B) The prevalence of sorcery
2) The introduction and growth of Buddhism (A) The introduction of Buddhism to Tangut Empire
(B) The growth of Buddhism
(C) The sectarian influence on the Tangut Buddhism
3) The Tangut Tripitaka and its significance (A) The work of translating and emendating Buddhist scriptures
(B) The work of reproducing Buddhist scriptures
The second diffusion of Buddhism in Tibet and the formation of Buddhist sects. 1) Well-known Buddhist figures and their contributions in the Houhong (Second Diffusion) Period
2) Sects of Tibetan Buddhism and their theories
(A) The Nyingma sect
(B) The Kadam sect
(C) The Sakya sect
(D) The Kagyu sect
(E) The Gelug sect
An Overview
The Reconstruction and Characteristics of Official Religious Rituals
1) The grand ceremony of offering sacrifices to Heaven
2) The (Royal) Ancestral Temple
3) The Imperial shrine for Earth and Grain gods
4) The Imperial ceremony advocating the Kingship of Confucius
5) Offering sacrifices to gods of mountain, river and sea
6) Traditional Mongol customs
The development of Chinese and Tibetan Buddhism and the practice of the “Imperial Preceptor” 1) The Mongol aristocrats’ adoration of Buddhism
2) The development and administration of Buddhism in Yuan
3) The unique practice of the Imperial Preceptor in Yuan
4) The growth of Buddhist sects in the Central Plains
A) The Zen School
B) The Tiantai School
C) The Huayan (Avatamsaka) School
D) The Weishi (Consciousness-only) School
E) The Vinaya School
Two famous Buddhist laymen
5) Buddhism and Yuan culture
The Introduction and Growth of Theravada Buddhism in Yunnan
1) The introduction of Theravada Buddhism into Yunnan
2) Theories and sutras of Theravada Buddhism
3) The sects, monastic hierarchy and monasteries in Theravada Buddhism
(A) The Baizhuang 摆庄 Sect
(B) The Bairun 摆润 or Run 润 Sect
(C) The Zuodi 左抵 Sect
(D) The Galie 尕列 Sect
4) Theravada Buddhism and the Dai society
The Prevalence and Popularity of All Truth Daoism in the Lower Reaches of Yangtze River. 1) Qiu Chuji and the rise and fall of All Truth Daoism
2) The flourishing Way of Orthodox Unity in the lower reaches of Yangtze River
3) The growing popularity of Jingming Dao in the lower reaches of Yangtze River
The Resuscitation of Yelikewen (Erkeun/Arkagun), Islam and Judaism. 1) Yelikewen (Erkeun/Arkagun): The re-introduction of Christianity into China
2) The rapid growth of Islam in Yuan
3) The development of Judaism in Yuan
The Rise of the White Lotus Sect and Social Changes in Late Yuan Dynasty. 1) The birth and growth of the White Lotus Sect
2) The White Lotus rebellions in the late Yuan
An Overview
Development and Perfection of Rituals and Ceremonies of the Patriarchal Religion
1) The grand ceremony of sacrificing to Heaven and Earth (A) Practices in the reigns of Hongwu, Yongle, Hongxi and Jiajing
(B) Grand Imperial prayers for good harvests, auspicious rain and great feasts in the Hall of Light
2) Sacrifices to the Earth and Grain gods, the Sun and Moon, the Divine Farmer, the Goddess of Silkworms and the God of Matchmakers (A) Sacrifices to the Earth and Grain gods
(B) Sacrifices to the Sun and Moon, the Divine Farmer, the Goddess of Silkworms and the God of Matchmakers
3) Altars of various deities and Earthly and Celestial gods (A)The Altar of Great Mountains and Rivers
(B) The Altar of Taisui (a star god)
(C)Sacrifices to various gods of mounts and rivers
(D) Gods of Cities
4) Sacrifices to Emperors, holy Masters, men of virtue and outstanding Ministers of all ages (A) Three Emperors
(B) Holy Masters
(C) Sacrifices to Emperors of previous dynasties
(D)Temple of Confucius
(E) The Temple of Lord/Emperor Guan
5) The Royal Ancestral Temple
6) Funerals and related dressing codes
Buddhism in the Syncretism of the Three Great Teachings
1) Ming’s religious policies and administration of Buddhism
2) Tsongkhapa’s religious reform of Tibetan Buddhism
3) Two great branches of the School of Meditation and their representative figures
(A) Fan Qi: The No. 1 Zen Master in the early Ming
(B) Renowned monks from the Linji School: Debao, Yuanwu and Fazang
(C) Renowned monks from the Caodong School: Huijing, Yuanlai and Yuanxian
4) Other Buddhist schools
5) The Great Four Buddhists in the late Ming dynasty
(A) Yunqi Zhuhong 云栖祩宏 (1535–1615)
(B) Zibai Zhenke 紫柏真可 (1543–1603)
(C)Hanshan Deqing 憨山德清 (1546–1623)
(D) Ouyi Zhixu 藕益智旭 (1599–1665)
The Secularization of Daoism and the Growing Prosperity of the Daoist School of Fulu (Mysterious Symbols, Drawings and Incantations)
1) The royal family and Daoism
2) Two major Daoist schools: The Way of Orthodox Unity and All Truth Daoism (A) Zhengyi Dao, or Way of Orthodox Unity
(B) Quanzhen Dao, or All Truth Daoism
(C) Daoist influence on the Ming society and culture
3) Zhengtong Daozang 正统道藏 and万历续道藏 Wanli xu Daozang
The Reintroduction of Christianity into China and Clashes with Traditional Chinese Culture
1) Missionaries entered China in every possible way
2) Matteo Ricci’s strategy of Confucianizing Catholicism
3) Nanjing Incident: The first conflict between Christianity and Chinese culture
4) The revival of Christian churches in the late Ming
The Growth of Islam in Ming. 1) Islam and the Ming dynasty
2) The emergence of “Scripture-Hall Education”
3) The production of Chinese editions of Islamic writing
The Great Development of Popular Religions in Ming. 1) The prosperity of popular religions and the evolution of White Lotus Teaching
2) The Luo Sect and its derivatives (A) The Luo Sect
(B) The Wuwei Sect and the Teaching of Great Vehicle
(C) The Vegetarian Teaching of Venerable Seniors
3) The Yellow Heaven Sect and the Red Sun Sect (A) The Yellow Heaven Sect
(B) The Red Sun Sect
4) The Three-in-One Teaching
5) General characteristics of popular religions in Ming
An Overview
Sacrifices in the State Religion. 1) Imperial Codes regarding state sacrifices
2) Changes in state sacrifices in the late Qing dynasty (A) Changes applying to Imperial Ancestral Temple
(B) Changes applying to mourning rites
(C) Changes applying to local sacrifices
3) The veneration of and sacrifice to Confucius
(A) Kong Fu 孔府, or the Mansion of Confucius’ Family
4) The preservation and evolution of traditional Manchu religious customs (A) Li’gan 立杆, or the grand Pole-Raising Sacrifice
(B) Tangzi 堂子, or the grand sacrifice held in Holy Hall
(C) Tiaoshen 跳神, or shaman’s dance in a trance
5) The decline and persistence of traditional patriarchal religion
The Development and Decline of Buddhism in Qing. 1) The Emperor’s adoration of Buddhism and the Imperial administration of Buddhism
(A) Qing Emperors and Buddhism
(B) The Imperial administration of Buddhism
2) The decline of Buddhist schools (A) The general trend of Buddhism in the late Qing
(B) The Zen School in Qing
(C) Other Buddhist Schools
3) The predominance of lay Buddhists
4) Secular scholars’ Buddhist studies
(A) Gong Zizhen
(B) Wei Yuan
(3) Kang Youwei
(D) Tan Sitong
(E) Zhang Taiyan (or Zhang Bingling 章炳麟)
5) Tibetan Buddhism in Qing
The Continuity, Diffusion and Decline of Daoism
1) The decline of Zhengyi 正一 Daoism or the Way of Orthodox Unity (A) Zhengyi Daoism in the early Qing
(B) The Zhengyi Daoism in the post-Daoguang era
2) Quanzhen 全真 Daoism in Qing (A) The rehabilitation of All Truth Daoism in the early Qing
(B) All Truth Daoism in the late Qing
3) Daozang jiyao 道藏辑要 and new Daoist writings
4) The continued diffusion of Daoism in the Chinese society
Popular Religions in Qing
1) The Ba’gua 八卦 (Eight-Trigram) Sect (A) The origin of Eight-Trigram Sect
(B) The Sect’s scripture and tenets
(3) The Sect’s conflicts with Qing
2) Popular religions in the late Qing (A) The Eight-Trigram Sect and Yihequan 义和拳 (The Boxer)
(B) Tiandi hui 天地会 or the Society of Heaven and Earth
(C) New popular religious sects
The Growth of Islam in Qing
1) Chinese Tariqas
(A) Menhuan of Hufeiye 虎非耶 (Khufiyya)
(B) Menhuan of Ga’delinye 嘎的林耶 (Qadiriyya)
(C) Menhuan of Zhe’herenye 哲赫忍耶 (Jahriyya)
(D) Menhuan of Kuburenye 库布忍耶 (Kubrawiyya)
(E) Menhuan of Yiheiwani 依黑瓦尼 (Ikhwan, or the Brethren)
(F) Menhuan of Xidaotang 西道堂 (The West Hall)
2) Chinese translations of Islamic writings
3) Chinese translations of the Koran
Christianity in Qing. 1) A great progress of missionary work in the early Qing
2) The Controversy of Rites and the change of Kangxi’s policy on Catholicism
3) Stricter bans on Catholicism and missionary incidents in three reigns
4) Christianity in the late Qing (A) Catholicism
(B) The Orthodox Church
(C) Protestantism
5) Christianity in the early modern China: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (A) Foreign missionaries and the First Opium War (1840–1842)
(B) Christianity and the Taiping and Boxer rebellions
(C) Christianity and China’s early modernization
An Overview
The Resuscitation and Reformation of Buddhism
1) The efforts to modernize Buddhist organization
2) The efforts to modernize Buddhist activities (A) Modern Buddhist schools
(B) Modern Buddhist publications
(C) Christianity-inspired Modern Buddhist charity programs
(D) Efforts to save the nation in the Anti-Japanese War (1937–1945)
3) The Grotto of Storing Scriptures in Dunhuang 敦煌
4) Buddhist gurus in modern China (A) Taixu
(B)Yuanying
(C)Hongyi
5) Prominent Buddhist scholars’ remarkable achievements (A) Ouyang Jian
(B)Han Qingjing
(C) Liang Qichao 梁启超 (1873–1929)
(D) Yang Du 杨度 (1875–1931)
(E) Xiong Shili 熊十力 (1885–1968)
6) Tibetan Buddhism in Republican China
The Fall and Rehabilitation of Daoism in Republican China. 1) Political situations and the fate of Daoism
2) Efforts to rehabilitate Daoism (A) Chen Yingning 陈撄宁 (1880–1969)
(B) Yi Xinying 易心莹 (1896–1976)
(C) Yue Chongdai 岳崇岱 (1888–1958)
3) The rise of secular scholars’ studies of Daoism
New Growth of Islam in the Republican China. 1) The birth and growth of Islamic social organizations
2) The vivid development of Islamic scholarship and culture
3) Eminent Chinese Muslim scholars and their contributions (A)Wang Kuan 王宽 (1848–1919)
(B) Wang Jingzhai 王静斋 or Wang Wenqing 王文清 (1880–1949)
(C) Ha Decheng 哈德成 (1888–1943)
(D) Ma Jian 马坚 (1906–1978)
4) Yang Zenxin 杨增新 (1864–1928) and Xinjiang
Rapid Growth of Christianity and its influence in Chinese society. 1) The internal and external conditions for the rapid growth of Christianity (A) Changes in missionary policies of Churches
(B) The improved socio-cultural atmosphere for Christianity
2) The growth of Christian orders (A) Missionary activities and the development of Protestantism
(B) Fenxing hui 奋兴会 (Revival Meeting)
(C) Budao hui 布道会 (Missionary Society)
(D) Zhonghua guizhu 中华归主 (The Christian Occupation of China)
(E) Bensehua yundong 本色化运动 (The Indigenization of Christianity)
(F) The Sinicization of Catholicism
(G) The rise and fall of the Eastern Orthodox Church
3) Christianity and Republican politics
4) Contributions Christianity made to Chinese society (A) Education
(B) Medical care
(C) Charity programs
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