Оглавление
Zhuming Bi. Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Wiley-ASME Press Series
Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing
Copyright
Series Preface
Preface
About the Companion Website
1 Computers in Manufacturing. 1.1 Introduction. 1.1.1 Importance of Manufacturing
1.1.2 Scale and Complexity of Manufacturing
1.1.3 Human Roles in Manufacturing
1.1.4 Computers in Advanced Manufacturing
1.2 Computer Aided Technologies (CATs)
1.3 CATs for Engineering Designs. 1.3.1 Engineering Design in a Manufacturing System
1.3.2 Importance of Engineering Design
1.3.3 Types of Design Activities
1.3.4 Human Versus Computers
1.3.5 Human and Machine Interactions
1.4 Architecture of Computer Aided Systems
1.4.1 Hardware Components
1.4.2 Computer Software Systems
1.4.3 Servers, Networking, and Cloud Technologies
1.5 Computer Aided Technologies in Manufacturing
1.6 Limitation of the Existing Manufacturing Engineering Curriculum
1.7 Course Framework for Digital Manufacturing
1.8 Design of the CAD/CAM Course
1.8.1 Existing Design of the CAD/CAM Course
1.8.2 Customization of the CAD/CAM Course
1.9 Summary
1.10 Review Questions
References
2 Computer Aided Geometric Modelling. 2.1 Introduction
2.2 Basic Elements in Geometry
2.2.1 Coordinate Systems
2.2.2 Reference Points, Lines, and Planes
2.2.3 Coordinate Transformation of Points
2.2.4 Coordinate Transformation of Objects
Example 2.1
Solution
Example 2.2
Solution
Example 2.3
Solution
Example 2.4
Solution
2.3 Representation of Shapes
2.3.1 Basic Data Structure
2.3.2 Curvy Geometric Elements
Example 2.5
Solution
Example 2.6
Solution
Example 2.7
Solution
2.3.3 Euler–Poincare Law for Solids
2.4 Basic Modelling Methods
2.4.1 Wireframe Modelling
2.4.2 Surface Modelling
2.4.3 Boundary Surface Modelling (B‐Rep)
2.4.4 Space Decomposition
2.4.5 Solid Modelling
2.4.5.1 Solid Primitives
2.4.5.2 Composition Operations
2.4.5.3 CSG Modelling
2.4.5.4 Modelling Procedure
2.4.5.5 Data Structure of CSG Models
2.5 Feature‐Based Modelling with Design Intents
2.6 Interactive Feature‐Based Modelling Using CAD Tools
2.7 Summary
2.8 Modelling Problems
References
3 Knowledge‐Based Engineering. 3.1 Generative Model in Engineering Design
3.2 Knowledge‐Based Engineering
3.3 Parametric Modelling
3.3.1 Define Basic Geometric Elements
3.3.1.1 Parametrized Points
3.3.1.2 Parametrized Lines
3.3.1.3 Parametrized Surfaces
3.3.1.4 Parametrized Curves
3.3.1.5 Parametrized Surfaces
3.3.2 Types of Parameters
3.3.3 Geometric Constraints and Relations
3.3.3.1 Dimensional Parameters
3.3.3.2 Geometric Constraints
3.4 Design Intents
3.4.1 Default Location and Orientation of a Part
3.4.2 First Sketch Plane
3.5 Design Equations
Example 3.1
Solution
3.6 Design Tables
Example 3.2
Solution
3.7 Configurations as Part Properties
3.8 Design Tables in Assembly Models
3.9 Design Tables in Applications
3.10 Design Templates
3.11 Summary
3.12 Design Problems
References
4 Platform Technologies. 4.1 Concurrent Engineering (CE)
4.1.1. Brief History
4.1.2. Needs of CE
4.1.3. Challenges of CE Practice
4.1.4. Concurrent Engineering (CE) and Continuous Improvement (CI)
4.2 Platform Technologies
4.3 Modularization
4.4 Product Platforms
4.5 Product Variants and Platform Technologies
4.6 Fundamentals to Platform Technologies
4.7 Design Procedure of Product Platforms
4.8 Modularization of Products
4.8.1 Classification of Functional Requirements (FRs)
4.8.2 Module‐Based Product Platforms
4.8.3 Scale‐Based Product Family
4.8.4 Top‐Down and Bottom‐Up Approaches
4.9 Platform Leveraging in CI
4.10 Evaluation of Product Platforms
4.10.1 Step 1. Representation of a Modularized Platform
4.10.2 Step 2. Mapping a Modular Architecture for Robot Configurations
4.10.3 Step 3. Determine Evaluation Criteria of a Product Platform
4.10.4 Step 4. Evaluate Platform Solutions
4.11 Computer Aided Tools (CAD) for Platform Technologies
4.11.1 Modelling Techniques of Product Variants
4.11.2 Design Toolboxes
4.11.3 Custom Design Libraries
4.12 Summary
4.13 Design Projects
References
5 Computer Aided Reverse Engineering. 5.1 Introduction
5.2 RE as Design Methodology
5.3 RE Procedure
5.4 Digital Modelling
5.4.1 Types of Digital Models
5.4.2 Surface Reconstruction
5.4.3 Algorithms for Surface Reconstruction
5.4.4 Limitations of Existing Algorithms
5.4.5 Data Flow in Surface Reconstruction
5.4.6 Surface Reconstruction Algorithm
5.4.7 Implementation Examples
5.5 Hardware Systems for Data Acquisition
5.5.1 Classification of Hardware Systems
5.5.2 Positioning of Data Acquisition Devices
5.5.3 Control of Scanning Processes
5.5.4 Available Hardware Systems
5.6 Software Systems for Data Processing
5.6.1 Data Filtering
5.6.2 Data Registration and Integration
5.6.3 Feature Detection
5.6.4 Surface Reconstruction
5.6.5 Surface Simplification
5.6.6 Segmentation
5.6.7 Available Software Tools
5.7 Typical Manufacturing Applications
5.8 Computer Aided Reverse Engineering (CARE)
5.8.1 Recap to Convert Sensed Data into Polygonal Models
5.8.2 ScanTo3D for Generation of Parametric Models
5.8.3 RE of Assembled Products
5.9 RE – Trend of Development
5.10 Summary
5.11 Design Project
References
6 Computer Aided Machine Design. 6.1 Introduction
6.2 General Functional Requirements (FRs) of Machines
6.3 Fundamentals of Machine Design
6.3.1 Link Types
6.3.2 Joint Types and Degrees of Freedom (DoFs)
6.3.3 Kinematic Chains
6.3.4 Mobility of Mechanical Systems
Example 6.1
Solution
Example 6.2
Solution
Example 6.3
Solution
6.4 Kinematic Synthesis
6.4.1 Type Synthesis
6.4.2 Number Synthesis
6.4.3 Dimensional Synthesis
6.5 Kinematics. 6.5.1 Positions of Particles, Links, and Bodies in 2D and 3D Space
6.5.2 Motions of Particles, Links, and Bodies
6.5.3 Vector‐Loop Method for Motion Analysis of a Plane Mechanism
6.5.3.1 Kinematic Parameters and Variables
6.5.3.2 Inverse Kinematics
6.5.3.3 Direct Kinematics
6.5.4 Kinematic Modelling Based on Denavit–Hartenberg (D‐H) Parameters
6.5.5 Jacobian Matrix for Velocity Relations
Example 6.4
Example 6.5
6.6 Dynamic Modelling
6.6.1 Inertia and Moments of Inertia
6.6.2 Newton–Euler Formulation
Example 6.6
6.6.2.1 Inertia Force/Moment
6.6.2.2 Force Equilibrium Equations
6.6.2.3 Dynamic Model and Solution
6.6.3 Lagrangian Method
6.7 Kinematic and Dynamics Modelling in Virtual Design
6.7.1 Motion Simulation
6.7.2 Model Preparation
6.7.3 Creation of a Simulation Model
6.7.4 Define Motion Variables
6.7.5 Setting Simulation Parameters
6.7.6 Run Simulation and Visualize Motion
6.7.7 Analyse Simulation Data
6.7.8 Structural Simulation Using Motion Loads
6.8 Summary
6.9 Design Project
References
7 Group Technology and Cellular Manufacturing. 7.1 Introduction
7.2 Manufacturing System and Components
Example 7.1
Solution
7.2.1 Machine Tools
7.2.2 Material Handling Tools
7.2.3 Fixtures
7.2.4 Assembling Systems and Others
7.3 Layouts of Manufacturing Systems
7.3.1 Job Shops
7.3.2 Flow Shops
7.3.3 Project Shops
7.3.4 Continuous Production
7.3.5 Cellular Manufacturing
7.3.6 Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS)
7.3.7 Distributed Manufacturing and Virtual Manufacturing
7.3.8 Hardware Reconfiguration Versus System Layout
7.4 Group Technology (GT)
7.4.1 Visual Inspection
7.4.2 Product Classification and Coding
7.4.2.1 Monocodes
Example 7.2
Solution
7.4.2.2 Polycodes
Example 7.3
Solution
Example 7.4
Solution
7.4.2.3 Hybrid Codes
7.4.2.4 Opitz Coding System
Example 7.5
Solution
Example 7.6
Solution
7.4.3 Production Flow Analysis
Example 7.7
Solution
7.5 Cellular Manufacturing
7.6 Summary
7.7 Design Problems
References
8 Computer Aided Fixture Design. 8.1 Introduction
8.2 Fixtures in Processes of Discrete Manufacturing
8.3 Fixtures and Jigs
8.4 Functional Requirements (FRs) of Fixtures
8.5 Fundamentals of Fixture Design
8.5.1 3‐2‐1 Principle
8.5.2 Axioms for Geometric Control
8.5.3 Axioms for Dimensional Control
8.5.4 Axioms for Mechanical Control
8.5.5 Fixturing Cylindrical Workpiece
8.5.6 Kinematic and Dynamic Analysis
8.6 Types and Elements of Fixture Systems
8.6.1 Supports
8.6.2 Types of Fixture Systems
8.6.3 Locators
8.6.4 Clamps
8.6.5 Flexible Fixtures
8.6.5.1 Adjustable Fixtures
8.6.5.2 Modular Fixtures
8.6.5.3 Phase‐Change Work‐Holding
8.6.5.4 Conformable Fixtures
8.6.5.5 Fixtureless Operations
8.7 Procedure of Fixture Design
8.8 Computer Aided Fixture Design
8.8.1 Fixture Design Library
8.8.2 Interference Detection
8.8.3 Accessibility Analysis
8.8.4 Analysis of Deformation and Accuracy
8.9 Summary
8.10 Design Projects
References
9 Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) 9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Human and Machines in Manufacturing
9.1.2 Automation in Manufacturing
9.1.2.1 Hard Automation
9.1.2.2 Programmable Automation
9.1.2.3 Full Automation
9.1.3 Automated Decision‐Making Supports
9.1.4 Automation in Manufacturing Execution Systems (MESs)
9.2 Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
9.2.1 Numerically Controlled (NC) Machine Tools
9.2.2 Industrial Robots
9.2.3 Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems (ASRS)
9.2.4 Flexible Fixture Systems (FFSs)
9.2.5 Coordinate Measurement Machines (CMMs)
9.2.6 Automated Material Handling Systems (AMHSs)
9.3 Numerical Control (NC) Machine Tools
9.3.1 Basics of Numerical Control (NC)
Example 9.1
Solution
9.4 Machining Processes
9.5 Fundamentals of Machining Programming
9.5.1 Procedure of Machining Programming
9.5.2 World Axis Standards
9.5.3 Default Coordinate Planes
9.5.4 Part Reference Zero (PRZ)
9.5.5 Absolute and Incremental Coordinates
Example 9.2
Solution
Example 9.3
Solution
9.5.6 Types of Motion Paths
9.5.7 Programming Methods
9.5.8 Automatically Programmed Tools (APT)
Example 9.4
Solution
9.6 Computer Aided Manufacturing
9.6.1 Main Tasks of CNC Programming
9.6.2 Motion of Cutting Tools
9.6.3 Algorithms in NC Programming
9.6.4 Program Structure
9.6.5 Programming Language G‐Code
Example 9.5
Solution
Example 9.6
Solution
9.7 Example of CAM Tool – HSMWorks
9.8 Summary
9.9 Design Problems
9.10 Design Project
References
10 Simulation of Manufacturing Processes. 10.1 Introduction
10.2 Manufacturing Processes
10.3 Shaping Processes
10.4 Manufacturing Processes – Designing and Planning
10.5 Procedure of Manufacturing Processes Planning
10.6 Casting Processes
10.6.1 Casting Materials and Products
10.6.2 Fundamental of Casting Processes
10.6.2.1 Energy Consumption
Example 10.1
Solution
10.6.2.2 Governing Equations in Pouring Operation
Example 10.2
Solution
10.6.2.3 Solidification Time
Example 10.3
Solution
10.6.2.4 Shrink Factors
10.6.3 Design for Manufacturing (DFM) for Casting Processes
10.6.4 Steps in Casting Processes
10.6.5 Components in a Casting System
10.6.6 Simulation of Casting Processes
10.7 Injection Moulding Processes
10.7.1 Injection Moulding Machine
10.7.2 Steps in the Injection Moulding Process
10.7.3 Temperature and Pressure for Moldability
10.7.4 Procedure of the Injection Moulding System
10.7.5 Other Design Considerations
10.8 Mould Filling Analysis
10.8.1 Mould Defects
10.9 Mould Flow Analysis Tool – SolidWorks Plastics
10.10 Summary
10.11 Design Project
References
11 Computer Aided Design of Tools, Dies, and Moulds (TDMs) 11.1 Introduction
11.2 Overview of Tools, Dies, and Industrial Moulds (TDMs)
11.3 Roles of TDM Industry in Manufacturing
11.4 General Requirements of TDM
11.4.1 Cost Factors
11.4.2 Lead‐Time Factors
11.4.3 Complexity
11.4.4 Precision
11.4.5 Quality
11.4.6 Materials
11.5 Tooling for Injection Moulding
11.6 Design of Injection Moulding Systems
11.6.1 Number of Cavities
11.6.2 Runner Systems
11.6.3 Geometry of Runners
11.6.4 Layout of Runners
11.6.5 Branched Runners
11.6.6 Sprue Design
11.6.7 Design of Gating System
11.6.8 Design of Ejection System
11.6.9 Design of the Cooling System
11.6.10 Moulding Cycle Times
11.7 Computer Aided Mould Design
11.7.1 Main Components of Mould
11.7.2 Mould Tool in SolidWorks
11.7.3 Design Procedure
11.7.4 Compensation of Shrinkage
11.7.5 Draft Analysis
11.7.6 Parting Line and Shut‐off Planes
11.7.7 Parting Surfaces
11.7.8 Splitting Mould Components
11.7.9 Assembly and Visualization of Moulds
11.8 Computer Aided Mould Analysis
11.8.1 Thermoformable Materials and Products
11.8.2 Compression Moulding
11.8.3 Simulation of Compression Moulding
11.8.4 Predicating Elongation in SolidWorks
11.9 Summary
11.10 Design Projects
References
12 Digital Manufacturing (DM) 12.1 Introduction
12.2 Historical Development
12.3 Functional Requirements (FRs) of Digital Manufacturing
12.3.1 Data Availability, Accessibility, and Information Transparency
12.3.2 Integration
12.3.3 High‐Level Decision‐Making Supports
12.3.4 Decentralization
12.3.5 Reconfigurability, Modularity, and Composability
12.3.6 Resiliency
12.3.7 Sustainability
12.3.8 Evaluation Metrics
12.4 System Entropy and Complexity
12.5 System Architecture
12.5.1 NIST Enterprise Architecture
12.5.2 DM Enterprise Architecture
12.5.3 Digital Technologies in Different Domains
12.5.4 Characteristics of Internet of Things (IoT) Infrastructure
12.5.5 Lifecycle and Evolution of EA
12.6 Hardware Solutions
12.7 Big Data Analytics (BDA)
12.7.1 Big Data in DM
12.7.2 Big Data Analytics (BDA)
12.7.3 Big Data Analytics (BDA) for Digital Manufacturing
12.8 Computer Simulation in DM – Simio
12.8.1 Modelling Paradigms
12.8.2 Object Types and Classes
12.8.3 Intelligence – Objects, Events, Logic, Processes, Process Steps, and Elements
12.8.4 Case Study of Modelling and Simulation in Simio
12.9 Summary
12.10 Design Projects
References
13 Direct and Additive Manufacturing. 13.1 Introduction
13.2 Overview of Additive Manufacturing
13.2.1 Historical Development
13.2.2 Applications
13.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages
13.3 Types of AM Techniques
13.3.1 Vat Photo‐Polymerization
13.3.2 Powder Bed Fusion
13.3.3 Binder Jetting
13.3.4 Material Jetting
13.3.5 Material Extrusion
13.3.6 Sheet Lamination
13.3.7 Directed Energy Deposition
13.4 AM Processes
13.4.1 Preparation of CAD Models
13.4.2 Preparation of Tessellated Models
13.4.3 Slicing Planning and Visualization
13.4.4 Machine Setups
13.4.5 Building Process
13.4.6 Post‐Processing
13.4.7 Verification and Validation
13.5 Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM)
13.5.1 Selective Materials and AM Processes
13.5.2 Considerations of Adopting AM Technologies
13.5.3 Part Features
13.5.4 Support Structures
13.5.5 Process Parameters
13.6 Summary
13.7 Design Project
References
14 Design for Sustainability (D4S) 14.1 Introduction
14.2 Sustainable Manufacturing
14.3 Drivers for Sustainability
14.3.1 Shortage of Natural Resources
14.3.2 Population Increase
14.3.3 Global Warming
14.3.4 Pollution
14.3.5 Globalized Economy
14.4 Manufacturing and Sustainability
14.4.1 Natural Resources for Manufacturing
14.4.2 Population Increase and Manufacturing
14.4.3 Global Warming and Manufacturing
14.4.4 Pollution and Manufacturing
14.4.5 Manufacturing in a Globalized Economy
14.5 Metrics for Sustainable Manufacturing
14.6 Reconfigurability for Sustainability
14.7 Lean Production for Sustainability
14.8 Lifecycle Assessment (LCA) and Design for Sustainability (D4S)
14.9 Continuous Improvement for Sustainability
14.10 Main Environmental Impact Factors
14.10.1 Carbon Footprint
14.10.2 Total Energy
14.10.3 Air Acidification
14.10.4 Water Eutrophication
14.11 Computer Aided Tools – SolidWorks Sustainability
14.11.1 Material Library
14.11.2 Manufacturing Processes and Regions
14.11.3 Transportation and Use
14.11.4 Material Comparison Tool
14.11.5 Costing Analysis in SolidWorks
14.12 Summary
14.13 Design Project
References
Index
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