The Interpretation of Dreams / Толкование сновидений

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Зигмунд Фрейд. The Interpretation of Dreams / Толкование сновидений

I. The scientific literature on the problems of the dream[1]

II. Method of dream interpretation. The analysis of a sample dream

III. The dream is the fulfilment of a wish

IV. Distortion in dreams

V. The material and sources of dreams

(a) Recent and Indifferent Impressions in the Dream

(b) Infantile Experiences as the Source of Dreams

VI. The dream-work

(a) The Condensation Work

(b) The Work of Displacement

(c) Means of Representation in the Dream

(d) Regard for Presentability

(e) Examples – Arithmetic Speeches in the Dream

(f) Absurd Dreams – Intellectual Performances in the Dream

(g) The Affects in the Dream

(h) Secondary Elaboration

VII. The psychology of the dream activities

(a) Forgetting in Dreams

(b) Regression

(c) The Wish-Fulfilment

(d) Waking caused by the Dream – The Function of the Dream – The Anxiety Dream

(e) The Primary and Secondary Processes – Regression

(f) The Unconscious and Consciousness – Reality

VIII. Literary index

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In the following pages I shall prove that there exists a psychological technique by which dreams may be interpreted, and that upon the application of this method every dream will show itself to be a senseful psychological structure which may be introduced into an assignable place in the psychic activity of the waking state. I shall furthermore endeavour to explain the processes which give rise to the strangeness and obscurity of the dream, and to discover through them the nature of the psychic forces which operate, whether in combination or in opposition, to produce the dream. This accomplished, my investigation will terminate, as it will have reached the point where the problem of the dream meets with broader problems, the solution of which must be attempted through other material.

I must presuppose that the reader is acquainted with the work done by earlier authors as well as with the present status of the dream problem in science, since in the course of this treatise I shall not often have occasion to return to them. For, notwithstanding the effort of several thousand years, little progress has been made in the scientific understanding of dreams. This has been so universally acknowledged by the authors that it seems unnecessary to quote individual opinions. One will find in the writings indexed at the end of this book many stimulating observations and plenty of interesting material for our subject, but little or nothing that concerns the true nature of the dream or that solves definitively any of its enigmas. Still less of course has been transmitted to the knowledge of the educated laity.

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III. Internal (Organic) Physical Excitation. – If we are disposed to seek dream sources not outside, but inside, the organism, we must remember that almost all our internal organs, which in their healthy state hardly remind us of their existence, may, in states of excitation – as we call them – or in disease, become for us a source of the most painful sensations, which must be put on an equality with the external excitants of the pain and sensory stimuli. It is on the strength of very old experience that, e. g., Strümpell66 declares that “during sleep the mind becomes far more deeply and broadly conscious of its connection with the body than in the waking state, and it is compelled to receive and be influenced by stimulating impressions originating in parts and changes of the body of which it is unconscious in the waking state.” Even Aristotle1 declares it quite possible that the dream should draw our attention to incipient morbid conditions which we have not noticed at all in the waking state (owing to the exaggeration given by the dream to the impressions; and some medical authors, who were certainly far from believing in any prophetic power of the dream, have admitted this significance of the dream at least for the foretelling of disease. (Compare M. Simon, p. 31, and many older authors.)

Even in our times there seems to be no lack of authenticated examples of such diagnostic performances on the part of the dream. Thus Tissié68 cites from Artigues (Essai sur la Valeur séméiologique des Réves), the history of a woman of forty-three years, who, during several years of apparently perfect health, was troubled with anxiety dreams, and in whom medical examination later disclosed an incipient affection of the heart to which she soon succumbed.

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