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Although telephone or telegram networks, as well as other attempts at computer networks, could be considered precursors to the modern internet, for the purposes of this section we will choose to use the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) as designed at its inception in 1969 as our starting point. This focuses the discussion in this book on the parts of the internet which are deployed in the United States; however, this pattern has been observed across the internet infrastructure that exists in many other countries worldwide.

The ARPANET was an advanced design and implementation of cutting‐edge network technologies that laid the foundation for the internet of today and tomorrow, despite how quaint it may look to some in the present day. It remains an excellent example of how even though over time the specific technologies used to achieve an aim may change as progress is made in their individual areas, solid design principles can still be used to ensure that any changes are in service of the original intention.