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Главная Авторы Charles S. Cockell Astrobiology

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Astrobiology

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Страница 1 Table of Contents List of Tables List of Illustrations Guide Pages Astrobiology Understanding Life in the Universe Страница 8 Acknowledgments About the Companion Website 1 Astrobiology Learning Outcomes 1.1 Introductory Remarks 1.2 The Major Questions of Astrobiology and the Content of the Textbook 1.3 Some Other Features of the Textbook 1.4 A Brief History of Astrobiology 1.5 Conclusions Bibliography Books Papers 2 What Is Life? Learning Outcomes 2.1 The Concept of “Life” 2.2 What Is Life? The Historical Perspective 2.3 Spontaneous Generation Focus: Astrobiologists: Mary Beth Wilhelm 2.4 More Modern Concepts 2.5 Schrödinger and Life 2.6 Life as a Dissipative Process 2.7 Life: Just a Human Definition? 2.8 Does It Matter Anyway? 2.9 Conclusions Questions for Review and Reflection Bibliography Books Papers 3 Matter and Life Learning Outcomes 3.1 Matter and Life 3.2 Life Is Made of “Ordinary” Matter 3.3 The Atomic Nucleus 3.3.1 Isotopes 3.4 Electrons, Atoms, and Ions 3.5 Types of Bonding in Matter 3.6 Ionic Bonding 3.6.1 Ionic Bonds and Life 3.7 Covalent Bonding 3.7.1 Covalent Bonds and Life 3.8 Metallic Bonding Discussion Point: Why Doesn't Terrestrial Biochemistry Use Metal Structures? 3.9 Van der Waals Interactions 3.9.1 Dipole–Dipole (Keesom) Forces 3.9.2 Dipole-Induced Dipole (Debye; Pronounced Deh-beye) Forces 3.9.3 Dispersion Forces 3.9.4 Van der Waals Interactions and Life Focus: Astrobiologists: Andreas Elsaesser 3.10 Hydrogen Bonding 3.10.1 Hydrogen Bonds and Life 3.11 An Astrobiological Perspective Discussion Point: Is the Structure of Life Universal? 3.12 The Equation of State Describes the Relationship Between Different Types of Matter 3.12.1 Phase Diagrams 3.12.2 Phase Diagrams and Mars 3.12.3 Phase Diagrams and Life 3.13 Other States of Matter 3.13.1 Plasma 3.13.2 Degenerate Matter Discussion Point: Can Life be Made from Different States of Matter to Terrestrial Life? 3.14 The Interaction Between Matter and Light 3.14.1 The Special Case of the Hydrogen Atom 3.14.2 Uses for Astrobiology 3.15 Conclusions Questions for Review and Reflection Bibliography Books Papers 4 The Molecular Structure of Life Learning Outcomes 4.1 Building Life 4.2 The Essential Elements: CHNOPS Discussion Point: Are the Minimal CHNOPS Elements a Universal Requirement for Life? 4.3 Carbon Is Versatile 4.4 The Chains of Life Discussion Point: Searching for Life Without Knowing Anything About it 4.5 Proteins Discussion Point: Why Does Life Use the 20 Particular Amino Acids it Has? 4.6 Chirality Discussion Point: Life with a Different Chirality 4.7 Carbohydrates (Sugars) Focus: Astrobiologists: Scott Perl 4.8 Lipids 4.9 The Nucleic Acids 4.9.1 Ribonucleic Acid Discussion Point: How Different Could the Genetic Code Be? 4.10 The Solvent of Life 4.10.1 Water as a Solvent 4.11 Alternative Chemistries 4.11.1 Alternative Core Elements 4.11.2 Alternative Solvents 4.12 The Structure of Life and Habitability 4.13 Conclusions Questions for Review and Reflection Bibliography Books Papers 5 The Cellular Structure of Life Learning Outcomes 5.1 From Molecules to Cells 5.2 Types of Cells Discussion Point: Must Life Be Cellular? 5.3 Shapes of Cells 5.4 The Structure of Cells 5.5 The Structure of Cellular Membranes 5.5.1 Gram-Negative and -Positive Prokaryotic Membranes Discussion Point: Are Prokaryotes “Simple”? 5.5.2 Archaeal Membranes 5.6 The Information Storage System of Life 5.6.1 Transcription – DNA to RNA 5.6.2 Translation – RNA to Protein Discussion Point: Why Is There Degeneracy in the Genetic Code? 5.6.3 A Remarkable Code 5.6.4 The Evolution of the Codons Discussion Point: The Universality of the Genetic Structure and Machinery Focus: Astrobiologists: Nicol Caplin 5.6.5 DNA Replication 5.6.6 Plasmids Discussion Point: What Is the Minimum Size of a Cell? 5.6.7 eDNA 5.7 Eukaryotic Cells 5.7.1 Endosymbiosis 5.8 The Reproduction of Cells 5.9 Why Did Sexual Reproduction Evolve? 5.10 The Growth of Populations of Cells 5.11 Moving and Communicating 5.11.1 Movement in Prokaryotes Discussion Point: Rotating Structures in Nature – Why Don't Animals Have Wheels? 5.11.2 Communication in Prokaryotes 5.11.3 “Multicellularity” in Prokaryotes and Single-Celled Eukaryotes Discussion Point: When Did Multicellularity Evolve? 5.12 Viruses Discussion Point: Astrobiology and Viruses 5.13 Prions 5.14 Conclusions Questions for Review and Reflection Bibliography Books Papers {buyButton}

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