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Groundwater Geochemistry
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Вернуться на страницу книги Groundwater Geochemistry
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Страница 1
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Страница 7
Страница 8
Страница 9
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Страница 11
1 Geogenic Pollutants in Groundwater and Their Removal Techniques
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Arsenic
1.2.1 Health Impact
1.2.2 Remediation
1.3 Fluoride
1.3.1 Health Impact
1.3.2 Remediation
1.4 Salinity (Na and Cl)
1.4.1 Health Impacts
1.4.2 Remediation
1.5 Sulphate
1.5.1 Health Impact
1.5.2 Remediation
1.6 Heavy Metals
1.6.1 Iron
1.6.1.1 Health Impact
1.6.2 Manganese
1.6.2.1 Health Impact
1.6.3 Chromium
1.6.3.1 Health Impact
1.6.4 Remediation of Heavy Metals
1.7 Selenium
1.7.1 Health Impact
1.7.2 Remediation
1.8 Conclusion
References
2 Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater, Impacts, and Their Potential Remediation Techniques
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Source of Fluoride in the Environment
2.2.1 Natural Sources 2.2.1.1 Rocks and Minerals
2.2.1.2 Groundwater
2.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources
2.3 Occurrence of Fluoride in the World and India 2.3.1 World
2.3.1.1 America
2.3.1.2 Indian Scenario
2.4 Effects of Fluoride on Human Health
2.4.1 Dental Fluorosis
2.4.2 Skeletal Fluorosis
2.5 Remediation Techniques for Fluoride Contamination 2.5.1 Remediation of Fluoride
2.5.2 In‐situ Treatment Methods for Fluoride Removal
2.5.2.1 Check Dams
2.5.2.2 Percolation Tank and Recharge Pits
2.5.3
Ex‐situ
Treatment Methods for Fluoride Removal
2.5.3.1 Adsorption
2.5.3.2 Ion Exchange
2.5.3.3 Coagulation‐Precipitation
2.5.3.4 Membrane Process
2.5.3.5 Reverse Osmosis
2.5.3.6 Nanofiltration
2.5.3.7 Electrocoagulation
2.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
3 Salinity Problems in Groundwater and Management Strategies in Arid and Semi‐arid Regions
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Problem of Salinity
3.3 Sources of Aquifer Salinity
3.3.1 Inland Aquifer Salinity
3.3.2 Coastal Aquifer Salinity
3.4 Types of Salinity
3.4.1 Primary Salinity
3.4.2 Secondary Salinity
3.4.3 Tertiary Salinity
3.4.4 Urban Salinity
3.5 Effects on Agriculture 3.5.1 Soil Structure
3.5.2 Oxidative and Alkaline Stress
3.5.3 Ion Toxicity
3.5.4 Nutrient Deficiencies
3.6 Effects on Non‐Agricultural Lands and Other Natural Resources 3.6.1 Subsidence of Land
3.6.2 Corrosive Risk
3.6.3 Deterioration of Water Quality
3.7 Effects of Saline Water on Human Health
3.8 Management Strategies
3.8.1 Lowering of the Groundwater Table
3.8.2 Construction of Water Harvesting Structures
3.8.3 Reclamation of Saline Soils
3.8.4 Leaching
3.8.5 Surface and Subsurface Drainage Systems
3.8.6 Possible Strategies and Practices to Reduce Salinity‐Related Health Issues
3.8.7 Organic or Chemical Fertilizers
3.8.8 Salt‐Tolerant Cultivars
3.8.9 Water Management
3.8.9.1 Irrigation Methods
3.8.9.2 Mulching
3.8.9.3 Crop Rotation
3.9 Conclusions
References
4 Heavy Metal Contamination in Groundwater Sources
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Sources of Heavy Metal Contamination
4.2.1 Natural Sources
4.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources
4.2.3 Point Sources
4.2.4 Non‐Point Sources
4.3 Types of Water Pollution 4.3.1 Surface Water Pollution
4.3.2 Groundwater Pollution
4.3.3 Heavy Metal Pollution
4.3.3.1 Arsenic
4.3.3.2 Mercury
4.3.3.3 Cadmium
4.3.3.4 Lead
4.3.3.5 Antimony
4.3.3.6 Zinc
4.3.3.7 Chromium
4.4 Effects on the Human Body
4.4.1 Impact of Heavy Metal Pollution in Groundwater: Some Case Studies
4.5 Recent Strategies to Control Heavy Metals
4.6 Remediation Methods of Heavy Metals
4.6.1 Oxidation
4.6.2 Coagulation‐Flocculation
4.6.3 Phytoremediation
4.6.4 Membrane Filtration
4.6.5 Ion Exchange
4.6.6 Electrokinetics Remediation
4.6.7 Adsorption Method
4.7 Conclusion and Future Aspects
References
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