Читать книгу The Smart Cyber Ecosystem for Sustainable Development - Группа авторов - Страница 18

After passing several decades of invention of an electronic device computer, in the 1960s, a communication between two computers was made possible using a computer network. Functioning of the internet commenced after the invention of TCP/IP in the 1980s. Later on, in 1991, the internet became more popular using available WWW. After the invention of www, e-mail, information sharing, and entertainment were introduced on the internet. Interconnectivity of different objects (devices) evolved over the years, and it became the base for technological evolution toward IoT. Web applications became prevalent with evolved network technology resulting in an internetworked ATM. E-commerce was also introduced during this time.

Till 2000, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) provided service related to “anytime”, “anywhere” paradigms. It means it provides service connectivity through the internet any time at any place. But in 2000, we witnessed a new era of ubiquity that suggests a new paradigm of connecting “anything” IoT [20]. Mobile internet technology was also formed parallel to evolution on IoT from 2000 to 2010. Due to the invention of mobile internet technology, social networking platforms such as Skype (2003), Facebook (2004), Twitter (2006), and WhatsApp (2009) were also introduced and thereby the users are getting connected via the internet through connecting devices [3, 4].

As shown in Figure 1.2, IoT technology was infant in 2000, and it has matured during the decade that dealt with other pioneering technologies such as RFID, WSN, and M2M communication that underwent revolution in the product automation industries and service industries. After having M2M communication, IoT which is a network of objects, that communicates with each other via different technologies such as Internet, RFID, GPRS, computers, actuators, and mobile phones without or minimal intervention of human beings. The voyage of IoT technology has been continuing in the path of IoT application domain such as Digital Locker, Smart Healthcare, Smart Vehicle, and Smart Cities. Recently, IoT technology emphasizes Smart Dust (a smaller computer than a grain of sand) collaboration with evolved nanotechnology to diagnose problems in the object system or human society.

Figure 1.2 Evolution of IoT.

Thus, the IoT is a paradigm shift in the Internet technology that is rapidly developing by the advancements in other enabling technologies such as sensor networks, mobile devices, wireless communications, networking, and cloud technologies that results into Industrial IoT (IIoT), an application of IoT in industries. So, now, we will discuss those associated technologies which bring such technological revolution in association with IoT.