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From Figure 2.2, it is seen that the biological seeds are collected when they mature. Thereafter, the thick cover on the oil nut is removed by peeling. Once the seeds are peeled off, they are allowed to undergo heat treatment for drying. The drying process is of two types; one is the natural method of drying by exposing the seeds to sun light, and another is the laboratory method using the heating ovens. After that, the treated seeds are dried completely, and removal of dead seeds and solid impurities are carried out through separation technique. Once the separation is over, the seeds are now ready for extraction of crude oil.

Table 2.2 Basic properties of NEO [2,6–8, 13, 21, 26].

Source: Based on Rakesh and Thomas [2]; Wilhelm et al. [6]; Kumar et al. [13]; Maharana et al. [26].

Properties Oils	Kinematic viscosity at 40 °C (cSt)	Flash point (°C)	Acid value (mg KOH/g)	AC BDV (kV)	Pour point (°C)
Jatropha oil	33.8	260	0.06	73	−3
Crude Pongamia oil	32	250	1.3	87.5	−25
Pongamia oil Methyl Ester	12	284	0.9	82	−1
Rapeseed oil	43	325	0.03	73	−18
Biovolt A (mineraltec)	36.1	312	0.05	55	−21
Soya oil	33.1	318	0.08	42	−12
Rice oil	32.4	318	0.04	37	−15
Sunflower oil	38	312	0.06	37	−6
Coconut oil	25.7	298	0.005 – 0.05	35	23
Neem oil	108.79	288	—	43	—
Mustard oil	95.74	289	—	41.6	—
Punna oil	129.66	280	—	42.3	—
Castor oil	155.71	280	—	31	—
Palm oil	5.06	186	0.005	81	−32.5
Mineral oil	8.13	146	0.01	35	−40

Figure 2.2 Processing of natural esters from seeds.