| BEGINNING OF HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR, AND CONSTITUTIONAL PROGRESS. |
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| EDWARD III. 1327-1377. |
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| 1327 | Measures of reform, | 214 |
| | Mortimer’s misgovernment, | 214 |
| | Fruitless campaign against Scotland, | 214 |
| | Opposition to Mortimer, | 214 |
| 1330 | Conspiracy and death of Kent, | 215 |
| | Edward overthrows Mortimer, | 215 |
| | Edward’s healing measures, | 216 |
| 1332 | Balliol invades Scotland, | 216 |
| | Edward supports him, | 216 |
| | Siege of Berwick, | 217 |
| 1333 | Battle of Halidon Hill, | 217 |
| 1334 | Temporary Submission of Scotland, | 217 |
| | Edward’s claims on France, | 218 |
| | The Scotch, with Philip’s help, renew the War, | 218 |
| 1337 | Edward therefore produces his claims, | 218 |
| | Edward attacks France, | 218 |
| 1338 | His alliances on the North-east, | 219 |
| | He is made Imperial Vicar, | 219 |
| | Great taxation, | 219 |
| | He lands in Flanders, | 220 |
| 1339 | Deserted by his allies, he returns home, | 220 |
| 1340 | Returns, and wins the Battle of Sluys, | 220 |
| | Fruitless expedition to Tournay, | 220 |
| | Sudden visit to England, | 221 |
| | Displacement of the Ministry, | 221 |
| 1341 | His dispute with Stratford, | 221 |
| | Edward yields, | 221 |
| 1342 | Loss of all his allies, | 222 |
| | New opening in Brittany, | 222 |
| 1343 | Mediation of the Pope offered, | 223 |
| | Decay of Papal influence, | 223 |
| 1344 | His mediation accepted conditionally, it fails, | 224 |
| | Edward’s commercial difficulties, | 224 |
| 1345 | War breaks out again, | 224 |
| | Derby hard pressed in Guienne, | 224 |
| 1346 | Edward, to relieve him, lands in Normandy, | 225 |
| | Marches towards Calais, | 225 |
| | Battle of Cressy, | 227 |
| | Battle of Neville’s Cross, | 228 |
| 1347 | Siege of Calais, | 228 |
| | Truce, | 229 |
| 1349 | The Black Death, | 229 |
| 1355 | Renewal of the War, | 229 |
| | Destructive March of the Black Prince southwards, | 229 |
| | The “Burnt Candlemas,” | 231 |
| 1356 | The Black Prince’s expedition northwards, | 231 |
| | Battle of Poitiers, | 231 |
| | Release of King David, | 232 |
| 1357 | Peace with Scotland, | 232 |
| | Terrible condition of France, | 232 |
| 1359 | Reviving power of the Dauphin, | 232 |
| | Edward again invades France, | 233 |
| 1360 | Want of permanent results induce Edward to make The Peace of Brétigny, | 233 |
| | The Treaty is not carried out, | 234 |
| 1364 | The War in Brittany continues, | 234 |
| 1365 | Affairs of Castile, | 234 |
| 1366 | France and England support the rival claimants, | 234 |
| 1367 | Battle of Navarette, | 235 |
| 1368 | Taxation in Aquitaine, | 235 |
| | The Barons appeal to Charles, | 235 |
| 1369 | Renewal of French War, | 235 |
| | Gradual Defeat of the English, | 236 |
| 1370 | The Black Prince takes Limoges, | 236 |
| | His final return to England, | 236 |
| 1374 | Loss of Aquitaine, | 236 |
| 1372 | Naval victory of the Spaniards, | 236 |
| 1375 | Discontent in England, | 236 |
| | Politics of the Time, | 237 |
| 1376 | The Good Parliament, | 239 |
| | Death of the Black Prince, | 240 |
| | Lancaster regains power, | 240 |
| 1377 | The Lancastrian Parliament, | 240 |
| | Trial of Wicliffe, | 240 |
| | Uproar in London, | 240 |
| | Death of the King, | 240 |
| BEGINNING OF THE FACTION FIGHT AMONG THE NOBILITY. |
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| RICHARD II. 1377-1399. |
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| 1377 | Difficulties of the new reign, | 242 |
| | Regency and administration of Lancaster, | 242 |
| | Patriotic government, | 243 |
| 1380 | Money wanted for the War in Brittany, | 243 |
| | The Poll Tax, | 243 |
| 1381 | Insurrection of the Villeins, | 244 |
| | Death of Wat Tyler, | 244 |
| | The insurrection suppressed, | 245 |
| | Parliament rejects the Villeins’ claims, | 245 |
| 1383 | Suspicions of Lancaster’s objects, | 245 |
| | He deserts Wicliffe, | 245 |
| | He is charged with the failure in Flanders, | 246 |
| 1385 | Jealousy of him thwarts the Scotch invasion, | 246 |
| | He is glad of the excuse to leave England to support his claims in Castile, | 246 |
| | Gloucester takes Lancaster’s place, | 246 |
| | The King’s Favourites, | 247 |
| 1386 | Gloucester heads an opposition, | 247 |
| | Change of Ministry demanded, | 247 |
| | Impeachment of Suffolk, | 247 |
| | Commission of Government, | 247 |
| 1387 | The King prepares a counterblow, | 248 |
| | The Five Lords Appellant, | 248 |
| | They impeach the King’s friends, | 248 |
| | Affair of Radcot, | 248 |
| 1388 | The Wonderful Parliament, | 248 |
| 1389 | Gloucester’s unimportant Government, | 249 |
| | Richard assumes authority, | 249 |
| 1393 | Final Statute of Provisors, | 250 |
| 1394 | Expedition to Ireland, | 250 |
| 1397 | Marriage with Isabella of France, | 251 |
| | Richard’s vengeance after seven years’ peace, | 251 |
| 1398 | Hereford and Norfolk banished, | 252 |
| | His arbitrary rule alienates the people, | 253 |
| 1399 | During his absence in Ireland, | 253 |
| | Hereford returns and is triumphantly received, | 253 |
| | He captures Richard, | 254 |
| | Makes him resign the Kingdom, | 254 |
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| | ——————— |
| | State of Society. |
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| MONARCHY BY PARLIAMENTARY TITLE. |
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| HENRY IV. 1399-1413. |
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| 1399 | Henry’s position in English History, | 275 |
| | Reversal of the Acts of the late King, | 276 |
| | Tumultuous scene in the First Parliament, | 276 |
| | The King’s insecure position for nine years, | 276 |
| 1400 | Insurrection of the late Lords Appellant, | 277 |
| | Imprisonment and secret death of Richard, | 277 |
| | Hostile attitude of France and Scotland, | 278 |
| | Useless and impolitic march into Scotland, | 278 |
| 1401 | Insurrection Wales, | 278 |
| | Owen Glendower, | 278 |
| 1402 | Quarrel with the Percies, | 278 |
| | The pretended Richard, | 279 |
| | Causes of the quarrel with Northumberland, | 279 |
| 1403 | The Percies combine with Glendower, | 279 |
| | Battle of Shrewsbury, | 280 |
| 1404 | Submission of Northumberland, | 280 |
| | Widespread Conspiracy, | 280 |
| 1405 | Flight of the young Earl of March, | 280 |
| | Renewed activity of Northumberland, Scrope and Mowbray, | 281 |
| | Events which secured Henry’s triumph, | 281 |
| | Capture of James of Scotland, | 281 |
| 1407 | Murder of Orleans, | 282 |
| 1408 | Final defeat and death of Northumberland, | 282 |
| | Henry’s improved position, | 282 |
| | His enforced respect for the Commons, | 282 |
| | Climax of their power, | 283 |
| | Explained by the King’s failing health, | 283 |
| 1412 | Renewed vigour at the end of his reign, | 283 |
| | Henry’s foreign policy, | 283 |
| | His alliance with the Church, | 284 |
| | His persecuting Statute, | 285 |
| | Views of the nation with regard to the Church, | 285 |
| | Henry’s jealousy of the Prince of Wales, | 285 |
| RENEWAL OF THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR. |
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| HENRY V. 1413-1422. |
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| 1413 | Fortunate opening of his reign, | 287 |
| | General amnesty and release of prisoners, | 288 |
| 1414 | Signs of slumbering discontent, | 288 |
| | The Lollards, | 288 |
| | Henry’s reason for the impolitic French War, | 289 |
| | State of France, | 290 |
| | Expulsion of the Burgundians from Paris, | 290 |
| | Attempt at national government, | 290 |
| | Henry’s double diplomacy and outrageous claims, | 291 |
| | His preparations, | 291 |
| 1415 | He lands in France, | 292 |
| | Conspiracy of Cambridge, | 292 |
| | Capture of Harfleur, | 292 |
| | Henry compelled to retire upon Calais, | 293 |
| | Battle of Agincourt, | 295 |
| | The French Government falls into the hands of the Armagnacs, | 296 |
| 1416 | Visit of Sigismund, | 297 |
| | His position in Europe, | 297 |
| | His close union with Henry, | 297 |
| | Failure of his mediation, | 298 |
| 1417 | Armagnac attacks Queen Isabella, | 298 |
| | She allies herself with Burgundy, | 298 |
| | Henry’s second Invasion, | 298 |
| 1418 | The Parisians, anxious for peace, admit the Burgundians, | 298 |
| 1419 | Fall of Rouen, | 299 |
| | Negotiations for peace, | 300 |
| | Attempted reconciliation of the French parties, | 300 |
| | Murder of Burgundy, | 300 |
| | Young Burgundy joins England, | 300 |
| 1420 | Treaty of Troyes, | 300 |
| 1421 | English defeat at Beaugé, | 301 |
| | Henry hurries to Paris, | 301 |
| 1422 | While re-establishing his affairs he dies, | 301 |
| | Death of Charles VI., | 302 |
| LOSS OF FRANCE AND DESTRUCTION OF THE BARONAGE. |
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| HENRY VI. 1422-1461. |
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| 1422 | Arrangements of the Kingdom, | 303 |
| | Position of affairs in France, | 304 |
| 1423 | Bedford’s marriage, | 304 |
| | Release of the Scotch King, | 304 |
| 1424 | Battle of Verneuil, | 305 |
| | Consequent strength of the English position in France, | 305 |
| | It is disturbed by the consequences of Gloucester’s marriage, | 305 |
| | The first blow to the Burgundian alliance, | 305 |
| 1425 | Rivalry of Beaufort and Gloucester, | 306 |
| 1426 | Gloucester’s marriage with Eleanor Cobham, | 307 |
| | Bedford again secures Burgundy, | 307 |
| 1428 | And attacks Orleans, | 307 |
| 1429 | Battle of the Herrings, | 308 |
| | Danger of Orleans, | 308 |
| | Joan of Arc, | 308 |
| | Causes of her success, | 310 |
| | The siege is raised, | 310 |
| | March to Rheims to crown the Dauphin, | 310 |
| | Unsuccessful attack on Paris, | 311 |
| 1430 | Capture of Joan of Arc, | 311 |
| | Coronation of King Henry, | 311 |
| 1431 | Joan’s death, | 311 |
| 1432 | Increasing difficulties of the English, | 312 |
| | State of England, | 312 |
| | Conduct of Gloucester, | 312 |
| | Death of the Duchess of Bedford, | 312 |
| | Bedford re-marries. Second blow to the Burgundian alliance, | 312 |
| 1433 | Efforts at peace, and | 313 |
| 1434 | Rise of a War party under Gloucester, | 313 |
| 1435 | Great Peace Congress at Arras, | 314 |
| | Bedford’s death, | 314 |
| | Consequent defection of Burgundy, | 314 |
| 1436 | Obstinacy of the War party, | 314 |
| | Continued ill success, | 315 |
| | Danger from Scotland, | 315 |
| 1437 | James’s death, | 315 |
| 1440 | Peace party procures the liberation of Orleans, | 316 |
| 1442 | Peace becomes necessary, | 316 |
| | Rise of Suffolk, | 316 |
| 1445 | Marriage of Henry with Margaret of Anjou, | 316 |
| 1446 | Pre-eminence of Suffolk, | 317 |
| 1447 | Gloucester’s death, | 317 |
| | York takes his place, | 317 |
| 1448 | Ministry of Suffolk, | 318 |
| | His unpopularity, | 318 |
| | Renewal of the War, | 318 |
| 1449 | Fall of Rouen, | 319 |
| | Popular outbreak against Suffolk, | 319 |
| 1450 | Murder of Suffolk, | 319 |
| | Continued discontent, | 320 |
| | Jack Cade, | 320 |
| 1452 | York’s appearance in arms; Civil War begins, | 320 |
| | He is duped into submission, | 321 |
| 1453 | Imbecility of the King, | 321 |
| 1454 | Prince of Wales born, | 321 |
| | York’s First Protectorate, | 322 |
| | Recovery of the King, | 322 |
| 1455 | York again appears in arms, | 322 |
| | First Battle of St. Albans, | 322 |
| | Character of the two parties, | 323 |
| 1456 | York’s Second Protectorate, | 324 |
| 1457 | With the Nevilles he retires from Court, | 324 |
| 1458 | Hollow reconciliation of parties, | 325 |
| 1459 | Renewed hostilities, | 325 |
| | Battle of Blore Heath, | 325 |
| | Flight of the Yorkists from Ludlow, | 325 |
| | Lancastrian Parliament at Coventry, | 325 |
| 1460 | Fresh attack of the Yorkists, | 325 |
| | Battle of Northampton, | 326 |
| | Yorkist Parliament in London, | 326 |
| | York at last advances claims to the throne, | 326 |
| | The Lords agree on a compromise, | 326 |
| | York is defeated and killed at Wakefield, | 326 |
| 1461 | The young Duke of York wins the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross, | 327 |
| | The Queen, advancing to London, wins second Battle of St. Albans, | 327 |
| | Sudden rising of the Home Counties, | 327 |
| | Triumphant entry of Edward, | 327 |
