Оглавление
John Tyndall. Sound
Sound
Table of Contents
PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
CHAPTER I
§ 1. Introduction: Character of Sonorous Motion. Experimental Illustrations
§ 2. Experiments in Vacuo, in Hydrogen, and on Mountains
§ 3. Intensity of Sound. Law of Inverse Squares
§ 4. Confinement of Sound-waves in Tubes
§ 5. The Reflection of Sound. Resemblances to Light
§ 6. Refraction of Sound
§ 7. Diffraction of Sound: illustrations offered by great Explosions
§ 8. Velocity of Sound: relation to Density and Elasticity of Air
§ 9. Theoretic Velocity calculated by Newton Laplace’s Correction
§ 10. Ratio of Specific Heats of Air deduced from Velocity of Sound
§ 11. Mechanical Equivalent of Heat deduced from Velocity of Sound
§ 12. Absence of Radiative Power of Air deduced from Velocity of Sound
§ 13. Velocity of Sound through Gases, Liquids, and Solids
§ 14. Hooke’s Anticipation of the Stethoscope
NOTE ON THE DIFFRACTION OF SOUND
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
§ 2. Musical Sounds produced by Taps
§ 3. Musical Sounds produced by Puffs
§ 4. Musical Sounds produced by a Tuning-fork
§ 5. The Waves of Sound
§ 6. Definition of Pitch: Determination of Rates of Vibration
§ 7. The Siren: Analysis of the Instrument
§ 8. Determination of Wave-lengths: Time of Vibration
§ 9. Definition of an Octave
§ 10. Limits of the Ear; and of Musical Sounds
§ 11. Drum of the Ear. The Eustachian Tube
§ 12. Helmholtz’s Double Siren
§ 13. Transmission of Musical Sounds by Liquids and Solids
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER II
CHAPTER III
§ 1. Vibrations of Strings: Use of Sound-Boards
§ 2. Laws of Vibrating Strings
§ 3. Mechanical Illustrations of Vibrations. Progressive and Stationary Waves. Ventral Segments and Nodes
§ 4. Mechanical Illustrations of Damping Various Points of Vibrating Cord
§ 5. Stationary Water-waves
§ 6. Application of Mechanical Illustrations to Musical Strings
§ 7. Melde’s Experiments
§ 8. New Mode of determining the Laws of Vibration
HARMONIC SOUNDS OR OVERTONES
§ 9. Timbre; Klangfarbe; Clang-tint
§ 10. Mingling of Overtones with Fundamental. The Æolian Harp
§ 11. Young’s Optical Illustrations
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER III
CHAPTER IV
§ 1. Transverse Vibrations of a Rod fixed at Both Ends
§ 2. Transverse Vibrations of a Rod fixed at One End
§ 3. Chladni’s Tonometer: the Iron Fiddle, Musical Box, and the Kaleidophone
§ 4. Transverse Vibrations of a Rod free at Both Ends. The Claque-bois and Glass Harmonica
§ 5. Vibrations of a Tuning-fork
§ 6. Chladni’s Figures
§ 7. Vibrations of Square Plates: Nodal Lines
§ 8. Wheatstone’s Analysis of the Vibrations of Square Plates
§ 9. Vibrations of Circular Plates
§ 10. Strehlke and Faraday’s Experiments: Deportment of Light Powders
§ 11. Vibration of Bells: Means of rendering them visible
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER V
§ 1. Longitudinal Vibrations of Wires and Rods: Conversion of Longitudinal into Transverse Vibrations
§ 2. Longitudinal Pulses in Iron and Brass: their Relative Velocities determined
§ 3. Longitudinal Vibrations of Rods fixed at One End: Musical Instruments formed on this Principle
§ 4. Vibrations of Rods free at Both Ends
§ 5. Fracture of Glass Tube by Sonorous Vibrations
§ 6. Action of Sonorous Vibrations on Polarized Light
§ 7. Vibrations of Rods of Wood: Determination of Relative Velocities in Different Woods
RESONANCE
§ 8. Experiments with Resonant Jars. Analysis and Explanation
§ 9. Reinforcement of Bell by Resonance
§ 10. Expenditure of Motion in Resonance
§ 11. Resonators of Helmholtz
ORGAN-PIPES
§ 12. Principles of Resonance applied to Organ-Pipes
§ 13. Vibrations of Stopped Pipes: Modes of Division: Overtones
§ 14. Vibrations of Open Pipes: Modes of Division: Overtones
§ 15. Velocity of Sound in Gases, Liquids, and Solids determined by Musical Vibrations
REEDS AND REED-PIPES
§ 16. The Voice
§ 17. Vowel Sounds
§ 18. Kundt’s Experiments: New Modes of determining Velocity of Sound
§ 19. Explanation of a Difficulty
ADDENDUM REGARDING RESONANCE
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER V
CHAPTER VI
§ 1. Rhythm of Friction: Musical Flow of a Liquid through a Small Aperture
§ 2. Musical Flames
§ 3. Experimental Analysis of Musical Flame
§ 4. Rate of Vibration of Flame: Toepler’s Experiment
§ 5. Harmonic Sounds of Flame
§ 6. Action of Extraneous Sounds on Flame: Experiments of Schaffgotsch and Tyndall
SENSITIVE NAKED FLAMES
§ 7. Discovery of Sensitive Flames by Le Conte
§ 8. Experiments on Fish-tail and Bat’s-wing Flames
§ 9. Experiments on Flames from Circular Apertures
§ 10. Seat of Sensitiveness
§ 11. Influence of Pitch
§ 12. The Vowel-flame
§ 13. Mr. Philip Harry’s Sensitive Flame
§ 14. Sensitive Smoke-jets
§ 15. Constitution of Liquid Veins: Sensitive Water-jets
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER VI
NAKED FLAMES
CHAPTER VII
PART I
§ 1. Introduction
§ 2. Instruments and Observations
§ 3. Contradictory Results
§ 4. Solution of Contradictions
§ 5. Other Remarkable Instances of Acoustic Opacity
§ 6. Echoes from Invisible Acoustic Clouds
§ 7. Experimental Demonstration of Reflection from Gases
§ 8. Reflection from Vapors
PART II
§ 1. Action of Hail and Rain
§ 2. Action of Snow
§ 3. Passage of Sound through Textile Fabrics, and through Artificial Showers
§ 4. Action of Fog. Observations in London
§ 5. Observations at the South Foreland
§ 6. Experiments on Artificial Fogs
§ 7. Action of Wind
§ 8. Atmospheric Selection
§ 9. Concluding Remarks
NOTE
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER VII
CHAPTER VIII
§ 1. Interference of Water-Waves
§ 2. Interference of Sound
§ 3. Experimental Illustrations
§ 4. Interference of Waves from Organ-pipes
§ 5. Lissajous’s Illustration of Beats of Two Tuning-forks
§ 6. Interference of Waves from a Vibrating Disk. Hopkins’s and Lissajous’s Illustrations
§ 7. Quenching the Sound of one Prong of a Tuning-fork by that of the other
RESULTANT TONES
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER VIII
CHAPTER IX
§ 1. The Facts of Musical Consonance
§ 2. The Theory of Musical Consonance. Pythagoras and Euler
§ 3. Sympathetic Vibrations
§ 4. Sympathetic Vibration in Relation to the Human Ear
§ 5. Consonant Intervals in Relation to the Human Ear
§ 6. Graphic Representation of Consonance and Dissonance
§ 7. Composition of Vibrations
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER IX
APPENDICES
APPENDIX I
APPENDIX II
FOOTNOTES:
INDEX
