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Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright

Dedication

List of Abbreviations

Acknowledgements

Introduction0.1 Reception Studies and Cinema0.2 Why Cinema? What Cinema?0.3 Orientalism and the Legacy of Ancient Mesopotamia

Part I: The Pre-Cinematographic Image: A Complex PlotChapter 1: The Old Testament Paradigm and the Romanticism of the Classics1.1 The Genesis of Confusion1.1.1 From Babylon to Babel1.1.2 In the Beginning, Nimrod1.1.3 Daniel and the Ruin of the Neo-Babylonian Empire1.2 Greek Ethnocentricity and the Emergence of Legendary Figures1.2.1 A discourse About the Other1.2.2 The Subversion of Roles: The Dilution of the Male/Female BinomialChapter 2: Mesopotamia in Literature and on Stage2.1 The Resurrection of Classical Legendary Figures2.2 Tragic Mesopotamian Heroes and Their Dramatization2.2.1 Semiramis from Manfredi to Rossini2.2.2 Sardanapalus, Myrrah and Their Fateful Destiny2.2.3 The Various NabuccosChapter 3: The Appropriation and Visual Reproduction of Assyria and Babylon3.1 Mesopotamia Pre-Discovered: Testimonies from an Unknown World3.2 The Archaeological Exploration3.3 Mesopotamia Post-discovered: The Introduction of Assyrianizing Elements

Part II: The Portrayal of Mesopotamia in CinemaChapter 4: Genres and Cinematographic Contexts4.1 Why Antiquity?4.2 Early French Cinema and Its Motivations4.3 American Cinema, the Epic Genre, and the Judeo-Christian Legacy4.4 Italian Cinema and the Greco-Roman Heritage4.4.1 The First Golden Age4.4.2 Peplum and the Genesis of the WestChapter 5: Mesopotamia as the Seed of Evil5.1 Resurrecting Ancient Near Eastern Demons5.2 Present Speeches From an Ancient Demoniacal Past5.2.1 Religious Narratives: The Apocalypse and the Whore of Babylon5.2.2 Political Narratives: Communism, Capitalism, Nazism, and TerrorismChapter 6: Imagining the Land Between the Rivers: Urbanism and Culture6.1 The City as a Privileged Setting6.1.1 The Hyperbolizing of Urban Architecture6.1.2 The Polarization of the City: Palace and Temple6.2 The Ziggurat Tower: Babel Intertwining Past and Present6.3 Exoticism and Modernism: Colliding Worlds in Mesopotamia6.3.1 Hybridism and Advance Machinery in the Era of Industrial Revival6.3.2 Universalizing Mesopotamia in Post-Fascist ItalyChapter 7: Exploring Mesopotamia’s Society and Politics7.1 A Portrait of the King and Queen and Their Population7.1.1 Eastern Stereotypes and Socio-political Contexts7.1.2 The Mesopotamian Fascist vs. the Mesopotamian Apostle of Tolerance7.2 Religion and Politics7.2.1 Gods at War: Idolatry, Holocaust and the Judeo-Christian Faith7.2.2 It’s Every Man for HimselfChapter 8: Helping Without Hurting8.1 Judith against Assyria8.1.1 Female Emancipation vs. Biblical Conservatism8.1.2 The Debate Regarding the “New Woman”8.2 The Two Semiramis8.3 Mesopotamian Bacchanals and Odd RitualsChapter 9: Farewell Babylon, Farewell Nineveh

10  Bibliography

11  Index

12  End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1. James Tissot, The Flight of the Prisoners.Figure 1.2. Martyrs chrétiens, a film by Lucien Nonguet..

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1. Woodcut illustration of Semiramis from an incunable German...Figure 2.2. SéSémiramis, a film by Camille de Morlhon.Figure 2.3. The Gate of Imgur Bel with Assyrian winged bulls...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1. Engraving by Gustave Doré entitled The..Figure 3.2. Still from the movie Metropolis (1927).Figure 3.3. Belshazzar’s Feast (1820) by John Martin. Public domain.

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1. Actress Gloria Swanson in a publicity shot for the...Figure 4.2. Motion picture poster for the film Cabiria (1914)..

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1. The Seven-headed animal from Metropolis (1927).Figure 5.2. The underground world of The Mole People (1956)...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1. Gate of Ishtar reconstructed at the Pergamonmuseum, Berlin. Figure 6.2. The Babylonian court of Intolerance (1916). Public domain.Figure 6.3. Poster for Noah’s Ark (1928). Public domain.

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1. Le Festin de Balthazar, a film by Louis Feuillade..Figure 7.2. Assyrian banquet relief.Figure 7.3. David W. Griffith near Ishtar’s statue.

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1. Blanche Sweet as Judith in Judith of Bethulia...Figure 8.2. Yvonne Furneaux as the Assyrian queen in Io Semiramide (1963).Figure 8.3. Scene from Intolerance (1916). Public domain.

Guide

Cover

Title page

Copyright

Dedication

5 Table of Contents

List of Abbreviations

Acknowledgements

Begin Reading

Bibliography

10  Index

11  End User License Agreement

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Reception of Mesopotamia on Film

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