Summa Theologica, Part III (Tertia Pars)

Summa Theologica, Part III (Tertia Pars)
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Summa Theologica Part III (Tertia Pars) Thomas Aquinas – The Summa Theologiae (Latin: Compendium of Theology or Theological Compendium; also subsequently called the Summa Theologica or simply the Summa, written 1265-1274) is the best-known work of Thomas Aquinas (c.1225-1274), and although unfinished, «one of the classics of the history of philosophy and one of the most influential works of Western literature.» It is intended as a manual for beginners in theology and a compendium of all of the main theological teachings of the Church. It presents the reasoning for almost all points of Christian theology in the West. The Summa's topics follow a cycle: the existence of God; Creation, Man; Man's purpose; Christ; the Sacraments; and back to God. (courtesy of wikipedia.com).This is part 3, 'Tertia Pars'.The way which leads to God is Christ, the theme of part III. It can be asserted that the incarnation was absolutely necessary. The Unio between the Logos and the human nature is a «relation» between the divine and the human nature which comes about by both natures being brought together in the one person of the Logos. An incarnation can be spoken of only in the sense that the human nature began to be in the eternal hypostasis of the divine nature. So Christ is unum since his human nature lacks the hypostasis. The person of the Logos, accordingly, has assumed the impersonal human nature, and in such way that the assumption of the soul became the means for the assumption of the body. This union with the human soul is the gratia unionis which leads to the impartation of the gratia habitualis from the Logos to the human nature. Thereby all human potentialities are made perfect in Jesus. Besides the perfections given by the vision of God, which Jesus enjoyed from the beginning, he receives all others by the gratia habitualis.

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Thomas Aquinas. Summa Theologica, Part III (Tertia Pars)

PUBLISHER NOTES:

Question 1. Of The Fitness Of The Incarnation (In Six Articles)

Question 2. Of The Mode Of Union Of The Word Incarnate (In Twelve Articles)

Question 3. Of The Mode Of Union On The Part Of The Person Assuming (In Eight Articles)

Question 4. Of The Mode Of Union On The Part Of The Human Nature (In Six Articles)

Question 5. Of The Parts Of Human Nature Which Were Assumed (In Four Articles)

Question 6. Of The Order Of Assumption (In Six Articles)

Question 7. Of The Grace Of Christ As An Individual Man (In Thirteen Articles)

Question 8. Of The Grace Of Christ, As He Is The Head Of The Church (In Eight Articles)

Question 9. Of Christ's Knowledge In General (In Four Articles)

Question 10. Of The Beatific Knowledge Of Christ's Soul (In Four Articles)

Question 11. Of The Knowledge Imprinted Or Infused In The Soul Of Christ (In Six Articles)

Question 12. Of The Acquired Or Empiric Knowledge Of Christ's Soul (In Four Articles)

Question 13. Of The Power Of Christ's Soul (In Four Articles)

Question 14. Of The Defects Of Body Assumed By The Son Of God (In Four Articles)

Question 15. Of The Defects Of Soul Assumed By Christ (In Ten Articles)

Question 16. Of Those Things Which Are Applicable To Christ In His Being And Becoming (In Twelve Articles)

Question 17. Of Christ's Unity Of Being (In Two Articles)

Question 18. Of Christ's Unity Of Will (In Six Articles)

Question 19. Of The Unity Of Christ's Operation (In Four Articles)

Question 20. Of Christ's Subjection To The Father (In Two Articles)

Question 21. Of Christ's Prayer (In Four Articles)

Question 22. Of The Priesthood Of Christ (In Six Articles)

Question 23. Of Adoption As Befitting To Christ (In Four Articles)

Question 24. Of The Predestination Of Christ (In Four Articles)

Question 25. Of The Adoration Of Christ (In Six Articles)

Question 26. Of Christ As Called The Mediator Of God And Man (In Two Articles)

Question 27. Of The Sanctification Of The Blessed Virgin (In Six Articles)

Question 28. Of The Virginity Of The Mother Of God (In Four Articles)

Question 29. Of The Espousals Of The Mother Of God (In Two Articles)

Question 30. Of The Annunciation Of The Blessed Virgin (In Four Articles)

Question 31. Of The Matter From Which The Saviour's Body Was Conceived (In Eight Articles)

Question 32. Of The Active Principle In Christ's Conception (In Four Articles)

Question 33. Of The Mode And Order Of Christ's Conception (In Four Articles)

Question 34. Of The Perfection Of The Child Conceived (In Four Articles)

Question 35. Of Christ's Nativity (In Eight Articles)

Question 36. Of The Manifestation Of The Newly Born Christ (In Eight Articles)

Question 37. Of Christ's Circumcision, And Of The Other Legal Observances Accomplished In Regard To The Child Christ (In Four Articles)

Question 38. Of The Baptism Of John (In Six Articles)

Question 39. Of The Baptizing Of Christ (In Eight Articles)

Question 40. Of Christ's Manner Of Life (In Four Articles)

Question 41. Of Christ's Temptation (In Four Articles)

Question 42. Of Christ's Doctrine (In Four Articles)

Question 43. Of The Miracles Worked By Christ, In General (In Four Articles)

Question 44. Of (Christ's) Miracles Considered Specifically (In Four Articles)

Question 45. Of Christ's Transfiguration (In Four Articles)

Question 46. The Passion Of Christ (In Twelve Articles)

Question 47. Of The Efficient Cause Of Christ's Passion (In Six Articles)

Question 48. Of The Efficiency Of Christ's Passion (In Six Articles)

Question 49. Of The Effects Of Christ's Passion (In Six Articles)

Question 50. Of The Death Of Christ

Question 51. Of Christ's Burial (In Four Articles)

Question 52. Of Christ's Descent Into Hell (In Eight Articles)

Question 53. Of Christ's Resurrection (In Four Articles)

Question 54. Of The Quality Of Christ Rising Again (In Four Articles)

Question 55. Of The Manifestation Of The Resurrection (In Six Articles)

Question 56. Of The Causality Of Christ's Resurrection (In Two Articles)

Question 57. Of The Ascension Of Christ (In Six Articles)

Question 58. Of Christ's Sitting At The Right Hand Of The Father (In Four Articles)

Question 59. Of Christ's Judiciary Power (In Six Articles)

Question 60. What Is A Sacrament? (In Eight Articles)

Question 61. Of The Necessity Of The Sacraments (In Four Articles)

Question 62. Of The Sacraments' Principal Effect, Which Is Grace (In Six Articles)

Question 63. Of The Other Effect Of The Sacraments, Which Is A Character (In Six Articles)

Question 64. Of The Causes Of The Sacraments (In Ten Articles)

Question 65. Of The Number Of The Sacraments (In Four Articles)

Question 66. Of The Sacrament Of Baptism (In Twelve Articles)

Question 67. Of The Ministers By Whom The Sacrament Of Baptism Is Conferred (In Eight Articles)

Question 68. Of Those Who Receive Baptism (In Twelve Articles)

Question 69. Of The Effects Of Baptism (In Ten Articles)

Question 70. Of Circumcision (In Four Articles)

Question 71. Of The Preparations That Accompany Baptism (In Four Articles)

Question 72. Of The Sacrament Of Confirmation (In Twelve Articles)

Question 73. Of The Sacrament Of The Eucharist (In Six Articles)

Question 74. Of The Matter Of This Sacrament (In Eight Articles)

Question 75. Of The Change Of Bread And Wine Into The Body And Blood Of Christ (In Eight Articles)

Question 76. Of The Way In Which Christ Is In This Sacrament (In Eight Articles)

Question 77. Of The Accidents Which Remain In This Sacrament (In Eight Articles)

Question 78. Of The Form Of This Sacrament (In Six Articles)

Question 79. Of The Effects Of This Sacrament (In Eight Articles)

Question 80. Of The Use Or Receiving Of This Sacrament In General (In Twelve Articles)

Question 81. Of The Use Which Christ Made Of This Sacrament At Its Institution (In Four Articles)

Question 82. Of The Minister Of This Sacrament (In Ten Articles)

Question 83. Of The Rite Of This Sacrament (In Six Articles)

Question 84. Of The Sacrament Of Penance (In Ten Articles)

Question 85. Of Penance As A Virtue (In Six Articles)

Question 86. Of The Effect Of Penance, As Regards The Pardon Of Mortal Sin (In Six Articles)

Question 87. Of The Remission Of Venial Sin (In Four Articles)

Question 88. Of The Return Of Sins Which Have Been Taken Away By Penance (In Four Articles)

Question 89. Of The Recovery Of Virtue By Means Of Penance (In Six Articles)

Question 90. Of The Parts Of Penance, In General (In Four Articles)

Editor's Note

Question. 1 - Supplement (Xp): To The Third Part Of The Summa Theologica Of St. Thomas Aquinas Gathered From His Commentary On Book Iv Of The Sentences (Qq[1] -99)

Question. 2 - Of The Object Of Contrition (Six Articles)

Question. 3 - Of The Degree Of Contrition (Three Articles)

Question. 4 - Of The Time For Contrition (Three Articles)

Question. 5 - Of The Effect Of Contrition (Three Articles)

Question. 6 - Of Confession, As Regards Its Necessity (Six Articles)

Question. 7 - Of The Nature Of Confession (Three Articles)

Question. 8 - Of The Minister Of Confession (Seven Articles)

Question. 9 - Of The Quality Of Confession (Four Articles)

Question. 10 - Of The Effect Of Confession (Five Articles)

Question. 11 - Of The Seal Of Confession (Five Articles)

Question. 12 - Of Satisfaction, As To Its Nature (Three Articles)

Question. 13 - Of The Possibility Of Satisfaction (Two Articles)

Question. 14 - Of The Quality Of Satisfaction (Five Articles)

Question. 15 - Of The Means Of Making Satisfaction (Three Articles)

Question. 16 - Of Those Who Receive The Sacrament Of Penance (Three Articles)

Question. 17 - Of The Power Of The Keys (Three Articles)

Question. 18 - Of The Effect Of The Keys (Four Articles)

Question. 19 - Of The Ministers Of The Keys (Six Articles)

Question. 20 - Of Those On Whom The Power Of The Keys Can Be Exercised (Three Articles)

Question. 21 - Of The Definition, Congruity And Cause Of Excommunication (Four Articles)

Question. 22 - Of Those Who Can Excommunicate Or Be Excommunicated (Six Articles)

Question. 23 - Of Communication With Excommunicated Persons (Three Articles)

Question. 24 - Of Absolution From Excommunication (Three Articles)

Question. 25 - Of Indulgences (Three Articles)

Question. 26 - Of Those Who Can Grant Indulgences (Four Articles)

Question. 27 - Of Those Whom Indulgences Avail (Four Articles)

Question. 28 - Of The Solemn Rite Of Penance (Three Articles)

Question. 29 - Extreme Unction (Qq[29]-33)

Question. 30 - Of The Effect Of This Sacrament (Three Articles)

Question. 31 - Of The Minister Of This Sacrament (Three Articles)

Question. 32 - On Whom Should This Sacrament Be Conferred And On What Part Of The Body? (Seven Articles)

Question. 33 - Of The Repetition Of This Sacrament (Two Articles)

Question. 34 - Holy Orders (Qq[34]-40)

Question. 35 - Of The Effect Of This Sacrament (Five Articles)

Question. 36 - Of The Qualities Required Of Those Who Receive This Sacrament (Five Articles)

Question. 37 - Of The Distinction Of Orders, Of Their Acts, And The Imprinting Of The Character (Five Articles)

Question. 38 - Of Those Who Confer This Sacrament (Two Articles)

Question. 39 - Of The Impediments To This Sacrament (Six Articles)

Question. 40 - Of The Things Annexed To The Sacrament Of Order (Seven Articles)

Question. 41 - Matrimony (Qq[41]-67)

Question. 42 - Of Matrimony As A Sacrament (Four Articles)

Question. 43 - Of Matrimony With Regard To The Betrothal (Three Articles)

Question. 44 - Of The Definition Of Matrimony (Three Articles)

Question. 45 - Of The Marriage Consent Considered In Itself (Five Articles)

Question. 46 - Of The Consent To Which An Oath Or Carnal Intercourse Is Appended (Two Articles)

Question. 47 - Of Compulsory And Conditional Consent (Six Articles)

Question. 48 - Of The Object Of The Consent (Two Articles)

Question. 49 - Of The Marriage Goods (Six Articles)

Question. 50 - Of The Impediments Of Marriage, In General (One Article)

Question. 51 - Of The Impediment Of Error (Two Articles)

Question. 52 - Of The Impediment Of The Condition Of Slavery (Four Articles)

Question. 53 - Of The Impediment Of Vows And Orders (Four Articles)

Question. 54 - Of The Impediment Of Consanguinity (Four Articles)

Question. 55 - Of The Impediment Of Affinity (Eleven Articles)

Question. 56 - Of The Impediment Of Spiritual Relationship (Five Articles)

Question. 57 - Of Legal Relationship, Which Is By Adoption (Three Articles)

Question. 58 - Of The Impediments Of Impotence, Spell, Frenzy Or Madness, Incest And Defective Age (Five Articles)

Question. 59 - Of Disparity Of Worship As An Impediment To Marriage (Six Articles)

Question. 60 - Of Wife-Murder (Two Articles)

Question. 61 - Of The Impediment To Marriage, Arising From A Solemn Vow (Three Articles)

Question. 62 - Of The Impediment That Supervenes To Marriage After Its Consummation, Namely Fornication (Six Articles)

Question. 63 - Of Second Marriages (Two Articles)

Question. 64 - Of The Things Annexed To Marriage, And First Of The Payment Of The Marriage Debt (Ten Articles)

Question. 65 - Of Plurality Of Wives (Five Articles)

Question. 66 - Of Bigamy And Of The Irregularity Contracted Thereby (Five Articles)

Question. 67 - Of The Bill Of Divorce (Seven Articles)

Question. 68 - Of Illegitimate Children (Three Articles)

Question. 69 - Of Matters Concerning The Resurrection, And First Of The Place Where Souls Are After Death (Seven Articles)

Question. 70 - Of The Quality Of The Soul After Leaving The Body, And Of The Punishment Inflicted On It By Material Fire (Three Articles)

Question. 71 - Of The Suffrages For The Dead (Fourteen Articles)

Question. 72 - Of Prayers With Regard To The Saints In Heaven (Three Articles)

Question. 73 - Of The Signs That Will Precede The Judgment (Three Articles)

Question. 74 - Of The Fire Of The Final Conflagration (Nine Articles)

Question. 75 - Of The Resurrection (Three Articles)

Question. 76 - Of The Cause Of The Resurrection (Three Articles)

Question. 77 - Of The Time And Manner Of The Resurrection (Four Articles)

Question. 78 - Of The Term 'Wherefrom' Of The Resurrection (Three Articles)

Question. 79 - Of The Conditions Of Those Who Rise Again, And First Of Their Identity (Three Articles)

Question. 80 - Of The Integrity Of The Bodies In The Resurrection (Five Articles)

Question. 81 - Of The Quality Of Those Who Rise Again (Four Articles)

Question. 82 - Of The Impassibility Of The Bodies Of The Blessed After Their Resurrection (Four Articles)

Question. 83 - Of The Subtlety Of The Bodies Of The Blessed (Six Articles)

Question. 84 - Of The Agility Of The Bodies Of The Blessed (Three Articles)

Question. 85 - Of The Clarity Of The Beatified Bodies (Three Articles)

Question. 86 - Of The Conditions Under Which The Bodies Of The Damned Will Rise Again (Three Articles)

Question. 87 - Of The Knowledge Which, After Rising Again, Men Will Have At The Judgment Concerning Merits And Demerits (Three Articles)

Question. 88 - Of The General Judgment, As To The Time And Place At Which It Will Be (Four Articles)

Question. 89 - Of Those Who Will Judge And Of Those Who Will Be Judged At The General Judgment (Eight Articles)

Question. 90 - Of The Form Of The Judge In Coming To The Judgment (Three Articles)

Question. 91 - Of The Quality Of The World After The Judgment (Five Articles)

Question. 92 - Of The Vision Of The Divine Essence In Reference To The Blessed (Three Articles)

Question. 93 - Of The Happiness Of The Saints And Their Mansions (Three Articles)

Question. 94 - Of The Relations Of The Saints Towards The Damned (Three Articles)

Question. 95 - Of The Gifts Of The Blessed (Five Articles)

Question. 96 - Of The Aureoles (Thirteen Articles)

Question. 97 - Of The Punishment Of The Damned (Seven Articles)

Question. 98 - Of The Will And Intellect Of The Damned (Nine Articles)

Question. 99 - Of God's Mercy And Justice Towards The Damned (Five Articles)

Appendix 1

Question. 1 - Of The Quality Of Those Souls Who Depart This Life With Original Sin Only (Two Articles)

Question. 2 - Of The Quality Of Souls Who Expiate Actual Sin Or Its Punishment In Purgatory (Six Articles)

Two Articles On Purgatory

PUBLISHER NOTES:

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Thomas Aquinas

Summa Theologica, Part III (Tertia Pars)

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Whether the Incarnation Ought to Have Been Put Off Till the End of the World?

Objection 1: It would seem that the work of the Incarnation ought to have been put off till the end of the world. For it is written (Ps. 91:11): "My old age in plentiful mercy"—i.e. "in the last days," as a gloss says. But the time of the Incarnation is especially the time of mercy, according to Ps. 101:14: "For it is time to have mercy on it." Therefore the Incarnation ought to have been put off till the end of the world.

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