Читать книгу The mysteries of Aryan civilization - А. Г. Виноградов - Страница 7

The catastrophe changed the composition of the population. Clovis culture disappears in North America. Contemporaries of the Clovis culture people of the Madeleine culture also experienced a sharp population decline 13 thousand years ago. In Belgium, at the excavation site of the Madeleine culture, an increase in the number of magnetic particles, metal spheres and charcoal, as well as a black blanket, is exactly the same as in North America. Magnetic particles have the highest levels of iridium.

Madeleine culture

The Clovis people appeared in the New World suddenly and remained on the historical stage for several millennia, after which about 13 thousand years ago their distinct culture suddenly disappeared. North American archaeological evidence shows little to no human evidence for hundreds of years after the Clovis era.

Most scholars believe that the Clovis people came to North America from Asia. However, no one has found artifacts in Asia that resemble the Clovis culture.

A unique technology for the production of tools appeared in the New World suddenly, together with the newly arrived peoples of the Clovis culture. In an effort to explain the mystery of the Clovis culture, scientists tried to find a similar technology, and found it in Europe. It resembles the technology of the Solutre culture, which was widespread in Europe during the early Clovis culture. Klovisky instruments were spear-shaped. The Solutrean and Klovsky points are in many ways similar: they are thin and two-sided, the technique of overlapping peeling was used for its production, reducing the thickness without reducing the width.

Clovis Culture

Solutrejs spearhead

Clovis spearhead

In connection with this issue, a number of researchers, for example, F. Hibben (in the thirties and forties), A. Dzhelinek (1971), A. L. Mongait (1973), B. Bradley, D. Meltzer, D Stanford (in 1998), expressed a hypothesis about the possible participation of Western European cultures of the Upper Paleolithic in the settlement of the New World. The hypothesis suggests that people from Europe could move to North America, following the ice edge between Europe and America. D. Stanford looked for traces of the forerunner of Clovis culture where they should have been – in Alaska and Chukotka. And did not find them. And the Siberian and Alaskan stone tools are not at all similar to the Clovis ones found outside of Alaska.

The Klovisky culture in North America is dated back to 12—10.5 thousand BC. Although there are finds dating back to about 18—13 thousand BC. Objects of this culture have been found in many places in the United States and Mexico.

Although the population density in the Paleolithic, according to scientists, was 5 people per 100 square kilometers, in North America there were at least 500 thousand people, in Britain and France – 30 thousand people. Their main occupation was hunting and gathering. In total, there are more than 125 species of plants and animals used by people of the Clovis culture. According to the results of statistical processing of data on the number of finds of tools of the «Clovis» culture, one can speak of their high concentration in the eastern part of North America.

Solutrean culture is an archaeological culture of the Paleolithic common in France, Spain, Portugal. In Northern France, Belgium and England, there are monuments close to the early phase of the Solutrean culture. In a number of Late Paleolithic sites in Central Europe and the European part of Russia, some features of similarity with the Solutrean culture were found.

Solutrean culture

Solutreian industry refers to the period between the development of the Gravette and Madeleine cultures and partly exists in parallel with them. Dating back to 23—18, 21—16 or 18—15 thousand BC. It is characterized by carefully crafted flint-shaped tips in the form of a laurel or willow leaf, treated with perfect pressing retouching, as well as with a notch. The method of wring-out retouching originated earlier, but reached its peak in the Solutrean era. Pressing retouching made it possible to produce arrowheads and spearheads that were as thin as the later iron arrowheads of the same size. They were light enough to be used for throwing weapons. Together with them, they find flint scrapers, incisors, punctures, points, and bone tips, needles with ears, wands, and works of art. Thus, the «tips of solutre» are traditionally considered to be a symbol of technical achievements in the Paleolithic, the pinnacle of the art of stone processing, unattainable in subsequent cultures of the Madeleine era.

Madeleine products

A variant of Solutrean culture is the Himaldi culture – the south of France and the north of Italy. Chronologically, it existed simultaneously with the Madeleine culture, but flint-like products resemble the products of the gravetta culture.

Products of culture «Himaldi»

Products of culture «Himaldi»

Products of gravetta culture

There are different views on the question of the origin of the Solutrean culture. The Solutrean culture is considered as a stage in the development of Western European cultures of the Stone Age, which arose on a local basis. Some scholars believed that it appeared from the east, from the area of the Selet culture, as evidence of which they cited the similarity of the leaf-shaped tips typical of both cultures.

Products of the Selet culture

In the early Paleolithic, one of the European population groups that lived in Germany and Eastern Europe used Solutrean-type arrowheads, the prototypes of which are known in local cultures. In Western Europe, the Solutrean technique was not then used. Then the proto-Lutreans were replaced by the people of the Aurignacian culture. In layer 2, Kostenok 1, a change of the proto-Lutreian culture to the sites of the Middle West European Aurignacian is noted.

Aurignac culture

In the Kostenok 2 layer, they were again replaced by carriers of the proto-Lutrean culture. The same cultural change is known in Moravia and Germany.

However, the latest date of the Selet monuments is 30 thousand years BC, and the earliest Solutrean 23 thousand years BC.

Scientists say that perhaps a specific branch of the Solutrians, which was adapted to the marine environment and migrated across the North Atlantic along the ice front to colonize the east coast of North America, and this group did not share all the cultural characteristics of the Solutrians.

Ice front

Melanesian ships

Most scientists rejected the hypothesis, believing that, firstly, the Solutrean culture reached its highest development long before the Clovis culture, and secondly, the ancient man was hardly able to cross the Atlantic. Essentially, neither the supporters nor the opponents of the hypothesis have irrefutable and substantial evidence, therefore the question of settling America has not yet been resolved.

But if we accept the whole theory of Alfred Wegener, then there were no problems with relocation.

The completely preserved skeletons of the Clovis culture were not found, so scientists don’t know what they looked like. Although the disaster swept the traces of the population of North America, but it could persist in Central and South America until the advent of the Mongoloids and the heyday of the culture of the Indians. In South America, the remains of people with severe Negroid and Melanesian characters are present. It is believed that the Negro-Melanesian population of South America, allocated in 10 thousand BC assimilated later came by the Mongoloids.

Melanesian buildings

Melanesian buildings

Melanesian buildings

Melanesians

Melanesians

Melanesians

Melanesians

The Negroid element is marked on statues in Mexico attributed to the Olmecs. Olmecs in the 8th century BC created a developed culture, but in the 2nd century BC have disappeared. Huge stone heads and pyramids have been preserved.

Olmecs

Olmecs

Olmecs

Olmecs

By the time of the Spanish conquest, the Olmecs had become a legendary people; they were credited with all the cultural achievements of the past. The surviving monuments of architecture and sculptures are striking in their monumentality and grandeur. If the Solutreans moved to America, then the Negro-Melanesian type should have been widespread in the areas of their culture in Europe (France, Spain, Northern Italy, Britain).

Negro-Melanesian type

The first evidence of a person living a Caucasian appearance in Europe is the archaeological complex of Kostenki sites in the Voronezh region. Moreover, in the earlier layers there are the remains of people with severe Negroid and Melanesian signs, while about 40,000 years ago they were replaced by people of the Aryan appearance.

Kostenki

The same situation is observed when considering another archaeological complex of Southern France (Grimaldi – 25,000 BC) – in the early stages it was inhabited by people with Negroid and Melanesian characters, but later they are replaced by people more or less resembling Europeans with characteristic eagles noses.

The Grimaldi Negroids were the carriers of the Aurignacian culture. In the Late Paleolithic time and in the Mesolithic, the Negroid population was noted in the lower Oka and Ukraine.

In Portugal, a Negroid element was noted in the Mesolithic site of the Mugem Tardenau culture.

The Tardenau culture spread in Spain, France, Belgium, Britain, West Germany, Poland, Czech Republic, Ukraine. Dates back to 8—4 thousand BC.

Tardenois culture

Despite its close ties with European Soveterre culture, it has a large number of North African – Capsian elements.

Soveterr culture

Capsian culture

Capsian culture

Melanesians

The tardenauz industries reached the Neolithic and Eneolithic (culture of El Argar in Spain).

Culture El Argar

The Negroid population persists in Northern Italy, the Alps and England, not only in the Paleolithic, but also during the Neolithic, Bronze and Early Iron Age.

Negro-Melanesian type

Negro-Melanesian type

These traces are noted in the hymns of the Vedas. The Rigveda refers to the tribes destroyed during the victory over Vritra – dasya, i.e. black peoples.

«I. 33. To Indra.

4 You killed a rich dasya with a club,

One, speaking with assistants, O Indra.

From the high bank, they scattered in all directions:

The non-sacrificing sanaks set off.

5 For they have fled from you, O Indra,

Non-sacrificers, competing with sacrifices.

When you are from heaven, oh lord of dun horses, oh driver, oh formidable,

You blew away from two worlds those who had been deprived of a vow

6 They wanted to fight the army of the perfect one.

The Nawagwa tribes lined up.

Like oxen fighting a bull, whitened,

They fled from Indra in the lowlands, realizing (defeat).

7 You are those crying and laughing

Overcame, O Indra, driving them to the edge of space.

You cast fire from the sky onto the dasya – from above.

The praise of the one who squeezes out soma and glorifies you mercifully received.

8 Having made a cover for the earth,

Adorned with a gold jewel

They, in a hurry, did not pass Indra.

He placed his spies around the sun.

9 When you, O Indra, both worlds

I embraced my greatness from all sides,

You have won over the unreasonable with the help of the reasonable: With spells you blew out dasya, O Indra.

12 Indra defeated the strongholds of Ilibishi,

Indra cut the horned Shushnu.

How much onslaught, how much strength —

With the club of thunder you killed the enemy, who was eager to fight!

I. 63. To Indra.

4 You indeed, O Indra, inspired as an ally,

When he harnessed Vritra,

O Thunderer, ready for courageous deeds,

When, oh brave hero, like a bull, far, far away,

In the bosom, you, easily conquering, mutilated dasya.

I.103. To Indra.

8 When, O Indra, you killed Shushna, Pipra,

Kuyavu, Vritra, when you destroyed the fortresses of Shambara.

May Mitra, Varuna, grant us generously,

Aditi, Sindhu, Earth and Sky!

I. 174. To Indra.

2 You have suppressed, O Indra, the evil-speaking tribes,

When he broke seven autumn fortresses, refuge.

Thou didst let the water flow in streams, O perfect one.

You gave Vritra to the power of young Purukutsa.

II. 11. To Indra.

You have cut Vritra, Dana, Aurnavabha!

You have opened the luminary for Aria.

Dasyu collapsed on the left, O Indra.

We want to benefit from winning with your help

Together with the arya of all enemies-dasyu!

It was for us then that you gave the power to Visvarupa,

The son of Tvashtar, in the power of Trita from the circle of friends.

II. 20. To Indra.

6 This god, glorified under the name of Indra,

Rose for the sake of man, the most amazing.

He, the winner, cut off his very head

At dasa Arshasana, self-existent.

7 This Indra, the killer of Vritra, blew up

Dasov, lurking in the black belly, he, the breaker of fortresses.

He gave birth to earth and water for man.

He always encouraged the donor to speak.

8 This Indra inherited from the gods

All the courage to conquer the waters.

When they put the club of thunder in his hands,

After killing the dasya, he overthrew their iron fortresses.

II. 30. To Indra and other gods.

8 O Saraswati, help us:

Accompanied by the courageous Maruts, defeat the enemies!

Even this arrogant, showing strength

The Shandik leader is killed by Indra.

III. 31. To Indra.

21 Vritra’s killer as the lord of the cows pointed out the cows.

He drove out the black ones with the help of scarlet creatures.

Indicating beautiful gifts according to the law,

He opened all his gates.

III. 34. To Indra.

9 He captured the horses, and he captured the sun,

Indra captured a richly nourished cow

And he seized power over gold.

By killing the dasya, he supported the Aryan race.

IV. 16. To Indra.

12 For Kutsa, cast down the gluttonous Shushnu!

In the afternoon, before eating, crush Kuyavu

(And) thousands of dasyus in one day – in (the guise of) Kutsa!

Rip off the sun wheel at the decisive moment!

V. 29. (To Indra).

10 You tore off one wheel of the sun.

For Kutsa’s sake, you have provided a clear path for the movement of another.

You have smashed the mute dasus with mortal weapons.

To another place you threw the evil-minded.

VII. 19. (To Indra)

2 You, Indra, supported Kutsu,

Serving him in battle himself,

When dasu Shushnu bringing crop failure,

You gave him power, wanting to help Arjuneya.

3 You, brave, boldly helped Sudas,

Whose sacrifices are pleasant, with all the support.

You have helped Trasadasya, the son of Purukutsa,

Puru in battles with enemies during the seizure of lands.

4 You and your husbands, oh courageous thought, at the invitation of the gods

You kill many enemies, O ruler with dun horses.

You put Dasyu Chumuri and Dhuni to sleep,

To make Dabhiti easy to kill.

5 These are your exploits, O Thunderer,

That in one day ninety-nine fortresses.

In the evening you finished with a hundred,

And you killed Vritra and also killed Namuchi.

VIII. 32. (To Indra)

2 Acts who killed Sribinda, Anarshani,

Pipru, dasu Ahisuvu

(And) released, formidable, the flow of water.

VIII.96. (To Indra)

13 Drapsa climbed down to Anshumati,

Krishna went with ten thousand.

He, blowing with all his might, was helped by Indra.

The courageous thought dealt with the defeated.

14 I saw Drapsa moving in different directions

Deep in the Anshumati river,

Climbed down, black as a cloud.

I urge you bulls: fight the competition!

18 You, O bull of the nations,

Has become a powerful hammer for enemies.

You let the stopped rivers flow

You conquered the waters that were the wives of Dasa.

X. 23. (To Indra)

2 A pair of his dun horses – goods that are in a wooden (vessel):

Indra the generous becomes the killer of Vritra through his generous gifts.

Ribhu, Vaja, Ribhukshan, he commands the power:

«I am erasing the very name of dasa!»

X. 49. (To Indra)

3 … (I,) who did not give Dasyu an Aryan name.

6 I am the one who Navavadu, Brihadrathu,

Crushed dasa, the murderer of Vritra, like enemies,

When growing, gradually spreading

Far beyond the bounds of space,

I turned into heavenly bodies.

X. 55. (To Indra)

8 Performing feats together with an ally, omnipotent,

Killing cursers, embracing everything with thought, overpowering the mighty,

Drank catfish, rose to the sky

The hero in the battle blew the dasya away.

X. 170. (To Surya)

…Truly set in support, at the base of the sky,

Killing foes, killing Vritra, killing dasya best

Light was born, killing asuras, killing rivals.»

The arias themselves, who fought with the dashu, were located in Aryana Wedge, at the edge of the European glacier.

These are mentioned in the Rigveda – Sharyanavat (Sharya River and Vetluga River, Sharenka River (Galich)), Svarnara, Arjik region, Sushoma (Sukhona), Vipash and Shututri rivers, Anshumati, Sindhu (Don).

«Rig Veda. I. 84. To Indra.

13 Indra with Dadhyancha bones

Killed freely

Ninety-nine enemies.

14 Looking for the head of a horse,

That was hidden in the mountains

He found her with Saryanavat.

I. 121. To Indra.

3 The king appeared at the ancient call of the Angiras tribes,

I. 174. To Indra.

2 You have suppressed, O Indra, the evil-speaking tribes,

When he broke seven autumn fortresses, refuge.

Thou didst let the water flow in streams, O perfect one.

You gave Vritra to the power of the young Puru-kutsa.

4 Let these now fall in the common bosom, Indra,

To the glory of the club of thunder, thanks to the greatness!

When at the cost of battle he released streams, cows,

He sat on two dun horses (and) audaciously seized the awards.

III. 33. Viswamitra and rivers.

1 From the bosom of the mountains eagerly rush forward,…

Vipash and Shutudri with (their) water.

2 Sent by Indra, asking for a gallop,

You are moving towards the ocean like two chariots.

When you merged, swelling in waves,

One of you enters the other, O beautiful ones!

(Vishwamitra :)

3 I came to the very mother river,

We came to Vipash, wide, blessed,

To those who lick each other, like two mothers – a calf,

To the next along the common channel.

III. 51. To Indra.

7 O Indra, accompanied by the Maruts, drink soma here,

How drank you squeezed from Sharyat.

VIII. 6. (To Indra)

39 Get drunk well in Svarnar,

And also, O Indra, in Saryanavata!

Get drunk with Vivasvat’s prayer!

VIII. 7. (To the Maruts)

29 To Sharyanavat with beautiful soma,

To Arjika rich in rivers

Men set off – the wheels (slide) down.

VIII. 64. (To Indra)

11 This one is in Saryanavat,

On Sushoma, you are pleasant

He is the sweetest in Arjikia.

IX.113… (To Soma)

Let Indra, the murderer of Vritra, drink,

Soma in Sharyanavat…

Cleanse yourself, lord of the cardinal points,

Generous catfish from Arjika,

X. 69. (To Agni)

1 Blessed is the sight of the fire at Vadhryashva,

Excellent guidance, very joyful fellowship.

When the people of the Sumitra tribe light it first,

Doused with grease, it comes to life, shining brightly.

X. 104. (To Indra)

8 (There were) seven divine expanses of water, giving joy, unharmed,

By which you, O Indra, the breaker of fortresses, crossed Sindhu —

Ninety-nine current streams.

You have found a way out for the gods and for Manus.

X. 111. (To Indra)

9 Thou didst let loose the rivers swallowed up by the serpent.

Then they rushed in haste,

Those who wanted to free themselves and got free.

They don’t stop anymore, inspired.

10 Together they went to Sindhu, as longing as …».

For the inhabitants of Arya Wedj, the effects of the destruction of the glacier have led to an increase in their power.

«Rig Veda. I. 52. To Indra.

11 Since, O Indra, the land (increased) tenfold,

(And) all the days the nations spread…

I. 61. To Indra.

11 … Making the master, delighting the admirer,

The Savior created a ford for Turviti.

I.103. To Indra.

2 He strengthened the earth and expanded.

I.121., To Indra.

3 The king appeared at the ancient call of the Angiras tribes,

(To capture) red, strong…

III. 31. To Indra.

15 He who mined a vast area, a lot of gold,

He also brought movable property for friends.

IV. 17. To Indra.

17 Be our savior, manifested as a friend,

A defender sympathetic to those who love soma

Friend, father, most fatherly of fathers,

The creator of space, giving bodily strength to those who want!

IV. 21. To Indra.

10 Truly, Indra, the true almighty of good,

Killer of Vritra, let him create wide open spaces for Puru!

Many glorified, willingly achieve our wealth!

I want to join your divine help!

VI. 11. (To Indra)

…He spread the earth – a great miracle! – wide.

VII. 20. (To Indra)

2 Verily, the creator of space for Sudas,

He immediately became a giver of benefits for the admirer.

VIII. 7. (To the Maruts)

18 How did you help Turvasha (and) Yad,

Than Kanve, who captured the award,

We would like to make good use of this for the sake of wealth.

IX. 37. (To Soma)

5 Creates spaciousness, deluded

Soma gushed out as if for a reward.

X. 55. (To Indra)

This is a great secret, long-desired name,

With the help of which you gave birth to what was (and) what will be.

With an ancient created luminary that is dear to him,

The five dear peoples (to him) were united.

He filled two halves of the universe, as well as the middle …».

However, not everything was so joyful among the Aryans. Mahabharata describes the time immediately after the destruction of Vritra, as a disaster that ended with the regression of the ocean.

«Aranyaka. Chapter 99. Lomasha said: … When the greatest of the Daityas fell, Shakra, driven by fear, fled to take refuge in the lake; for fear he could not believe that the vajra had flown out of his hand and that Vritra was slain. The gods with the great sages, rejoicing and rejoicing, offering praises to Indra, united and began hastily to destroy the Daityas, shocked by the death of Vritra. Then, beaten by the Thirty, tormented by fear, they went into the ocean and plunged into its immeasurable depths, teeming with gigantic fish, full of treasures. They began to hold a council there together, wondering how to destroy the universe; and each of them, having a definite opinion, offered this or that remedy… So, falling into madness, they could not rejoice at the destruction of the world, hiding in the inaccessible, gigantic ramparts, concealing treasures – the abode of Varuna.

Chapter 100. Lomasha said: Taking refuge in the ocean, the reservoir of waters, the possession of Varuna, the kalei began to destroy the threefold universe.

Every night, enraged, they devoured the ascetics who lived in deserts and glorious sanctuaries… They did all this at night, during the day they plunged into the sea…

So every night, drunk with confidence in the power of their hands, they attacked all those danava abodes of Kalei, the offspring of Kala, exterminating a great number of brahmanas… The earth was completely strewn with meatless, bloodless, without bone marrow and guts, torn apart by the remains, like heaps of shells. It was covered with split vessels, broken ladles and (coals) scattered sacrificial fires.

Oppressed by the fear of the kaleis, the whole world was plunged into despondency: no one repeated the Vedas, exclaimed «Vashat!», The order of festivities and sacrifices was disrupted.

The descendants of Manu, exterminated in this way, O lord of people, hoping to save their lives from danger, fled in fear in different directions. Some hid in caves, others hid behind waterfalls, and still others, languishing in death, died of fear. Among them were also brave men, proud and glorious archers who made great efforts to hunt down the Danavs. But they could not find them, hiding in the ocean, but only themselves, exhausted from their last strength, died.

When silence reigned over the world, festivities and sacrifices ceased in it, Thirty great torment was experienced, O lord of the descendants of Manu!…

Chapter 101 … But if the brahmanas are annihilated, then destruction will come to the whole earth, and with the destruction of the earth the end will come to heaven. By your grace, oh mighty ruler of the universe, may all the worlds entrusted to your protection not perish!

Vishnu said: I know for certain, O gods, the cause of the death of living beings. Now I will open it to you too: listen, rejecting your fears! Kalei – this is the nickname for an extremely ferocious tribe, which, under the leadership of Vritra, persecuted the whole world. When they saw how Vritra was defeated by the wise Thousand Eyes, then, saving their lives, they entered the abode of Varuna.

Plunging into a terrible abyss teeming with sharks and crocodiles, at night they exterminate the ascetics on the earth, in order to destroy the worlds. As long as they have a refuge in the ocean, you cannot destroy them. Better turn your thoughts on how to destroy the ocean! And who else is capable of draining the ocean besides Agastya!

Chapter 102 … Hearing the speech of the Thirty, the son of Mitra-Varuna said: «Why did you come to me, what do you expect from me?» And to these words the gods answered the ascetic: «We want, O holy sage, that you do this: drink the great ocean, O strong in spirit! And then we will destroy those enemies of the celestials who are called kalei, with all their minions!»

Hearing the words of the Thirty, «Let it be so!» The ascetic answered. «I will fulfill what you wish for the great good of the worlds!» And with these words the performer of wondrous vows, accompanied by the gods and holy sages who had attained perfection in asceticism, went to the ruler of the rivers – the ocean…

Chapter 103. Lomasha said: Coming to the ocean, the saint sage, the great son of Varuna, addressed all the gods and sages who gathered there: «Now, for the good of the world, I will drink the abode of Varuna. Let the same that you have to do, let it be done quickly!» words, the unshakable son of Mitra-Varuna, full of anger, began to swallow the ocean before the eyes of the whole world…

And the Great Spirit, while Thirty was honoring him and the trumpets of the Gandharvas sounded everywhere, showered with heavenly flowers, drained the great ocean. Seeing that the great ocean was deprived of its waters, the jubilant gods united, armed themselves with the best heavenly weapons and began, without knowing alarm, to destroy the Danavs. And those who were beaten by a great spirit, mighty, impetuous, emitting screams by the Thirty, could not hold back the onslaught of the impetuous, great-spirit celestials.

Only for a moment, O Bharata, defeated by the Thirty, menacingly roaring Danavas entered into a noisy battle with them. But first, the ascetics, who cognized the Atman, incinerated them with tapas, and then, resisting with their last strength, they were exterminated by the Thirty. Decorated with gold jewelry, wearing bracelets and earrings, they were as beautiful as blooming Kinshuk trees. But some of those who survived the beating of the kalea, O most worthy of the descendants of Manu, tearing apart the goddess of the Earth, fled to the bottom of Patala…

The great bull-ascetic answered these words: «But that water has already been digested by me; if you want to undertake something in order to fill the ocean, you need to find another remedy!"… Thirty together with Vishnu, discussing all sorts of plans for filling the sea, appeared to the Progenitor; hands folded respectfully, they spoke of filling the ocean.