Читать книгу Orthodontic Treatment of Impacted Teeth - Adrian Becker - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Fig. 1.1 The advanced root development of the canines and premolars indicate...Fig. 1.2 A 12‐year‐old patient with root development indicating the late den...Fig. 1.3 The mandibular left second deciduous molar is retained (extraction ...Fig. 1.4 Root apices are closed in all first molars, all mandibular and thre...Fig. 1.5 No closed apices. Dental age assessment 7–7.5 years.Fig. 1.6 Late‐developing second mandibular premolars with retained (not over...Fig. 1.7 The left mandibular premolars are prematurely erupted, with insuffi...Fig. 1.8 Space loss in a 10‐year‐old child, due to an impacted maxillary rig...Fig. 1.9 (a) Chance finding of mesiodens in a 4‐year‐old child. (b) Chance f...Fig. 1.10 An 8‐year‐old child exhibits an unerupted maxillary left central i...

2 Chapter 2Fig. 2.1 Lasso wire encircling the neck of an impacted canine (circa 1971)....Fig. 2.2 Threaded pins set into prepared holes, drilled and tapped into the ...Fig. 2.3 As the impacted tooth is about to erupt, the high‐profile Siamese e...Fig. 2.4 Eyelets welded to a pliable band material base, backed by steel mes...Fig. 2.5 A direct tie using a very short length of elastic thread.Fig. 2.6 (a) The slingshot elastic. A palatally impacted canine has erupted ...Fig. 2.7 (a, b) The use of nickel–titanium auxiliary wire as the active elem...Fig. 2.8 An indirect anchorage system. (a) Extra‐oral view to show tipped oc...Fig. 2.9 Zygomatic plate. (a) An onplant plate. (b) The plate is held in plac...Fig. 2.10 The bonded magnet ‘backpack’.

3 Chapter 3Fig. 3.1 (a) Buccal cantilever for extruding a canine. In practice, an eyele...Fig. 3.2 (a) The passive cantilever, made of rectangular wire, extends from ...Fig. 3.3 (a) For illustration purposes only, a combination of the beta‐titan...Fig. 3.4 (a) The biomechanical force system generated by a cantilever is a c...Fig. 3.5 (a, b) Ballista spring. The active configuration may differ in vert...Fig. 3.6 (a, b) Using an elastomeric chain is relatively simple and cost‐eff...Fig. 3.7 (a) Short vertical elastics exhibit a greater vertical component of...Fig. 3.8 (a) Sliding mechanics with a NiTi open‐coil spring threaded over a ...Fig. 3.9 (a) When aligning a high canine using a continuous and fully engage...Fig. 3.10 (a–c) Changing the position of the V bend will create totally diff...Fig. 3.11 (a) The passive configuration of the alpha–beta spring has to be m...Fig. 3.12 (a, b) A 0.016 in. main arch is combined with a 0.016 in. von der ...Fig. 3.13 When inverting a left upper canine bracket, it has to be kept in t...Fig. 3.14 The use of a Correx tension gauge is recommended to measure/contro...Fig. 3.15 Khouri Bendistal pliers are reliable tools for bending wire ends a...Fig. 3.16 The Sander Memory Maker allows NiTi wire adjustments in all planes...

4 Chapter 4Fig. 4.1 The angle of the central ray in a true occlusal view of the lower j...Fig. 4.2 A diagram showing incisor inclination, receptor position and centra...Fig. 4.3 (a) The periapical view shows an impacted left maxillary central in...Fig. 4.4 The left periapical view, oriented for the central incisors, shows ...Fig. 4.5 A diagrammatic representation of the parallax method. If the observ...Fig. 4.6 The vertical tube shift method using a panoramic radiograph and per...Fig. 4.7 The lateral tube shift method using a panoramic radiograph and a la...Fig. 4.8 The enlarged premaxillary segment of a panoramic radiograph showing...Fig. 4.9 On the dry skull, the roots of the maxillary incisor teeth can be s...Fig. 4.10 (a) The true lateral cephalometric radiograph shows both canines s...Fig. 4.11 The true lateral and true occlusal views, taken together, provide ...Fig. 4.12 A dilacerated central incisor (arrow) seen in a lateral cephalomet...Fig. 4.13 Bone peeling in 3D. (a–d) Progressive bone peeling and how it may ...Fig. 4.14 A view of the multi‐planar reconstruction screen for Case 1, as pr...Fig. 4.15 Automatic segmentation, artificial intelligence (AI) driven. The s...Fig. 4.16 Diagnosing resorption, cross‐sections. The lateral incisor #12(7) ...Fig. 4.17 Diagnosing resorption with multi‐planar reconstruction. The long a...Fig. 4.18 Diagnosing resorption with multi‐planar reconstruction (MPR). The ...Fig. 4.19 Multi‐planar reconstruction for an incisor that is almost horizont...Fig. 4.20 First mandibular molar embracing inferior dental canal. (a) 3D bon...Fig. 4.21 Multi‐planar reconstruction view. Arrows indicate the invasive cer...

5 Chapter 5Fig. 5.1 (a) A 16‐year‐old female exhibits an unerupted maxillary left canin...Fig. 5.2 (a) Soft tissue impaction of maxillary central incisors. (b) Apical...Fig. 5.3 Following exposure, attachment bonding and packing the unerupted to...Fig. 5.4 (a) A high buccal canine exposed by circular incision in the very w...Fig. 5.5 Crescini’s tunnel variation of the closed eruption technique. (a) A...Fig. 5.6 Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging slices of a palatally ...Fig. 5.7 Treatment for the right buccally impacted maxillary canine was perfo...Fig. 5.8 Treatment for the right palatally impacted canine was performed wit...Fig. 5.9 A case treated by the author in the mid‐1970s, before the era of th...Fig. 5.10 (a) The initial records of the dentition showing the narrowed V‐sh...Fig. 5.11 A case of bilateral palatal impaction of maxillary canine treatmen...Fig. 5.12 (a) Mild palatal displacement of the right maxillary canine locate...

6 Chapter 6Fig. 6.1 (a) Abnormal lip morphology, absence of philtrum and midline positi...Fig. 6.2 (a) Clinical views of a 9‐year‐old boy with a bulging ridge form du...Fig. 6.3 (a) The anterior intra‐oral view with teeth in occlusion and the un...Fig. 6.4 An abnormally sited central incisor, whose root apex is close to th...Fig. 6.5 (a, b) Frontal and occlusal clinical views of a patient with a dila...Fig. 6.6 (a) The anterior section of a lateral cephalogram shows the sagitta...Fig. 6.7 (a) An occlusal view of Johnson’s (modified) twin‐wire arch, to sho...Fig. 6.8 Impacted central incisors due to unerupted supernumerary teeth. (a)...Fig. 6.9 The development of maxillary canine ectopia adjacent to an impacted...Fig. 6.10 The tangential view shows severe labial displacement of the root o...Fig. 6.11 A ‘classic’ dilacerated incisor.Fig. 6.12 A diagram to show how a vertically directed force through the deci...Fig. 6.13 (a) An extreme rarity: bilateral classic dilacerations of both cen...Fig. 6.14 A diagrammatic illustration of the progressive alteration in the o...Fig. 6.15 Dynamic development of a ‘classic’ dilaceration. (a) A periapical ...Fig. 6.16 (a, b) The occlusal and anterior views of the maxillary dentition ...Fig. 6.17 (a) The initial malocclusion of the patient before commencement of...Fig. 6.18 (a, b) The initial diagnostic periapical radiograph and anterior s...Fig. 6.19 (a) A periapical radiograph showing partially completed crown deve...Fig. 6.20 (a) A 9‐year‐old child has lost alveolar bone height following tra...

7 Chapter 7Fig. 7.1 Periapical view of the maxillary canine area shows impaction of the...Fig. 7.2 (a) A 3D cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) view showing the apic...Fig. 7.3 Lingually displaced lateral incisors and buccally displaced maxilla...Fig. 7.4 (a, b) Periapical views of bilaterally impacted canines, each assoc...Fig. 7.5 (a) Panoramic view of a patient in the mixed‐dentition stage with a...Fig. 7.6 (a) Periapical view of normal incisors at age 3 years. Note the deg...Fig. 7.7 (a) In the early stages the unerupted canines are mesially directed...Fig. 7.8 Late‐developing dentition showing spacing, small peg‐shaped lateral...Fig. 7.9 Lateral incisor anomaly in patients with palatally displaced canines...Fig. 7.10 A series of periapical radiographs of an untreated girl, taken bet...Fig. 7.11 (a) Anterior section of a panoramic view of a 10‐year‐old boy with...Fig. 7.12 Panoramic view of a 12‐year‐old girl with a palatally impacted lef...Fig. 7.13 Odontoma causing impaction of the canine.Fig. 7.14 (a) Intra‐oral view of an 8‐year‐old child with an unerupted left ...Fig. 7.15 Maxillary canine/first premolar transposition. An example of bilat...Fig. 7.16 Despite the absence of crowding, the canine has erupted in an abno...Fig. 7.17 The left side of a case of bilateral hereditary primary tooth germ...Fig. 7.18 (a) Eruption status of the canine on the ipsilateral (affected) si...Fig. 7.19 A dentigerous cyst surrounds the crown of an impacted canine. Note...Fig. 7.20 Periapical view of maxillary incisor area in a 63‐year‐old female,...Fig. 7.21 The impacted canine crown is surrounded by a large dentigerous cys...Fig. 7.22 Palpable canines (a) labially displaced (arrow); (b) palatally dis...Fig. 7.23 (a) A panoramic view of the dentition of a boy aged 11 years, show...Fig. 7.24 (a) A case diagnosed from this panoramic view as exhibiting right‐...Fig. 7.25 (a) A case of early crowding treated by extraction of four deciduo...Fig. 7.26 (a) The left side of a case with bilateral maxillary palatal canin...Fig. 7.27 (a, b) A palatally impacted right canine was adjacent to the peg‐s...Fig. 7.28 (a–c) A class II, division 2 case with crowding in the maxillary a...Fig. 7.29 (a–c) Inadequate space for unerupted permanent canines with inter‐...Fig. 7.30 A standard preformed archwire illustrates the narrowed and flattene...Fig. 7.31 Creating space by distal movement. (a–e) The initial clinical view...Fig. 7.32 Bone support levels in the treated canines (light bars) compared w...Fig. 7.33 (a, b) Intra‐oral views of the initial condition. (c) View of the ...Fig. 7.34 Using an eyelet for eruption and rotation. (a, b) With the canine ...Fig. 7.35 The periapical view of an extreme example of group 2 canines. The ...Fig. 7.36 (a) The coil spring on the archwire had created space for the cani...Fig. 7.37 (a) The active palatal arch in its passive mode, lying several mil...Fig. 7.38 (a) Initial treatment had created space and a heavy base arch, car...Fig. 7.39 (a, b) With the eruption of the canine into the mid‐palate, the ey...Fig. 7.40 (a) The initial intra‐oral view of the teeth in occlusion. (b) The...Fig. 7.41 (a) A group 3 canine was exposed with an open procedure and healin...Fig. 7.42 (a) Minimal exposure and eyelet attachment bonding of the palatal ...Fig. 7.43 A case treated by the author circa 1972, using an approach recomme...Fig. 7.44 (a) Crescini’s ‘tunnel’ approach. Note the preservation of the buc...Fig. 7.45 Direct traction vs. two‐stage traction in the group 3 canine.Fig. 7.46 Acute periodontal pain from prematurely attempted buccal movement ...Fig. 7.47 (a) A group 3 canine exposed and viewed from the occlusal aspect t...Fig. 7.48 (a) The active palatal arch in place to erupt a group 4 canine tha...Fig. 7.49 (a, b) A maxillary canine/first premolar transposition, treated to...Fig. 7.50 (a, b) Canine/lateral incisor transposition seen intra‐orally and ...Fig. 7.51 Anterior, left side and occlusal screenshots from the video clip o...Fig. 7.52 (a) Intra‐oral views of a 12‐year‐old male with a left maxillary i...

8 Chapter 8Fig. 8.1 The canine in the line of the arch. (a) The palpable bulge in the s...Fig. 8.2 (a–c) Extreme mesial inclination of a line‐of‐the‐arch impacted can...Fig. 8.3 A maxillary canine has erupted in an abnormal location. Is this pri...Fig. 8.4 Cone beam computed tomography transparency presentation of 3D scree...Fig. 8.5 (a) A mesio‐angular, labially impacted maxillary canine (#23) is hi...Fig. 8.6 (a, b) Clinical views showing an over‐retained deciduous right maxi...Fig. 8.7 3D screenshots of the high left maxillary canine, which is labial t...Fig. 8.8 The ‘window of opportunity’. (a) The anterior section of a panorami...Fig. 8.9 (a, b) A general panoramic view and a 3D cone beam computed tomogra...

9 Chapter 9Fig. 9.1 (a) Right‐side molar region of a panoramic radiograph of a 6.10‐yea...Fig. 9.2 An extreme example of resorption of the entire root of the central ...Fig. 9.3 (a) A section of the panoramic view of a female patient aged 12 yea...Fig. 9.4 (a) The panoramic view of the anterior maxilla in this 13‐year‐old ...Fig. 9.5 Root resorption, space opening and spontaneous eruption. (a) The le...Fig. 9.6 (a) A poorly executed panoramic radiograph of a female patient aged...Fig. 9.7 (a) Initial clinical intra‐oral views of the dentition. (b, c) Sect...Fig. 9.8 The anterior portion of a panoramic view. (a) Resorption of the lat...Fig. 9.9 Enlarged dental follicle and no apparent incisor root resorption. (...Fig. 9.10 (a) Intra‐oral view of the teeth in occlusion before treatment, in...

10 Chapter 10Fig. 10.1 An impacted canine had resisted attempts to mechanically erupt it....Fig. 10.2 (a) Periapical radiograph showing the central incisors at approxim...Fig. 10.3 The ‘red herring’ case. (a) An apparently simple class I malocclus...Fig. 10.4 An advanced invasive cervical root resorption lesion in an impacte...Fig. 10.5 (a) The maxillary right first premolar is impacted and is apparent...Fig. 10.6 (a) A longitudinal slice of an infra‐occluded right mandibular mol...Fig. 10.7 (a) The practitioner’s intra‐oral photographs taken approximately ...Fig. 10.8 (a) From the pre‐treatment records of the patient. The blue dotted...Fig. 10.9 A typical ‘pinhole’ pre‐eruptive intra‐coronal resorption lesion i...Fig. 10.10 (a) A panoramic view of the mixed dentition, with a lingual holdi...Fig. 10.11 Unerupted second mandibular molar with large semi‐lunar pre‐erupt...Fig. 10.12 (a) A dilacerate central incisor with a ‘small’ pre‐eruptive intr...Fig. 10.13 (a) The initial photographic intra‐oral records. (b) Pre‐treatmen...Fig. 10.14 Periapical radiograph of a 63‐year‐old patient with bilaterally i...

11 Chapter 11Fig. 11.1 A bilateral case of impacted first permanent molars, with complete...Fig. 11.2 Although this appears to be a unilateral case of left molar impact...Fig. 11.3 (a) Incomplete eruption of the maxillary first permanent molar, du...Fig. 11.4 A series of six panoramic views covering a nine‐year follow‐up of ...Fig. 11.5 (a) Panoramic view of a 4‐year‐old boy with an impacted first mola...Fig. 11.6 Four different cases of impaction of second molars with different ...Fig. 11.7 (a, b) A coil spring is threaded onto a sectional archwire, which ...Fig. 11.8 (a) Button attachments bonded buccally and lingually to an impacte...Fig. 11.9 Initial panoramic and periapical radiographs. (a) A second permane...Fig. 11.10 (a) The pre‐treatment intra‐oral views of the teeth in occlusion....Fig. 11.11 (a) Pre‐treatment panoramic view at age 13.2 years showing second...Fig. 11.12 The ‘banana’ maxillary third molar. (a) In the panoramic view of ...Fig. 11.13 The dental age of this patient is 14–15 years, given that the roo...Fig. 11.14 In this 18‐year‐old male patient, the banana third molars have er...Fig. 11.15 (a) Occlusal view of the mandibular dentition to show the severel...Fig. 11.16 (a) A normal occlusion of the posterior teeth is present on the r...

12 Chapter 12Fig. 12.1 The crown of the horizontally impacted right mandibular canine is ...Fig. 12.2 (a) Panoramic view of the left mandibular canine, which has been g...Fig. 12.3 (a) Lateral cephalometric radiograph shows the canine to be comple...Fig. 12.4 (a) A transmigrated mandibular left canine had traversed the midli...Fig. 12.5 (a) A late‐developing left second premolar, horizontally oriented....Fig. 12.6 (a–c) Serial periapical views of a failed attempt to bond an edgew...Fig. 12.7 (a) The mandibular second premolar is very late developing both in...Fig. 12.8 (a) Intra‐oral views of the completed case of a 12‐year‐old child ...Fig. 12.9 (a) The pre‐treatment panoramic view of a 17‐year‐old female with ...Fig. 12.10 (a) Characteristic extreme tipping of the right permanent first m...Fig. 12.11 (a) The complex interrelations between the first permanent molar ...Fig. 12.12 Panoramic radiographic follow‐up over a 10‐year period. (a) At ag...

13 Chapter 13Fig. 13.1 A vertically impacted second mandibular molar, prevented from erup...Fig. 13.2 A very large composite odontoma has limited the space in which the...Fig. 13.3 (a) Bilaterally impacted mandibular third molars associated with r...Fig. 13.4 (a) A section of a panoramic film showing a first permanent molar ...Fig. 13.5 (a) An 11‐year‐old boy with infra‐occluded maxillary left first pe...Fig. 13.6 (a) A section of the low‐quality panoramic film of a male 18‐year‐...Fig. 13.7 From the case illustrated in Figure 6.17. (a) Inset, early develop...Fig. 13.8 (a) Panoramic radiograph at age 10 years. The right mandibular qua...Fig. 13.9 (a) The initial panoramic radiograph of a female patient at age 16...Fig. 13.10 (a) A 3D screenshot taken from the cone beam computed tomography ...

14 Chapter 14Fig. 14.1 (a) A dentigerous cyst surrounding the crown of the mandibular rig...Fig. 14.2 A large cyst occupies much of the right side of the maxilla. (a) T...Fig. 14.3 (a) An incomplete root canal treatment has been performed in the m...Fig. 14.4 The anterior portion of a panoramic view showing cystic enlargemen...Fig. 14.5 Two similar situations arising from different causes. (a) A radicu...Fig. 14.6 (a) Pre surgery. (b) Immediately post surgery. (c) The same view s...Fig. 14.7 Marsupializing a cyst of dental origin. The yellow dotted line rep...Fig. 14.8 (a) Dentigerous cyst radiography – the initial panoramic view show...Fig. 14.9 (a) The initial film taken in January 2007, shortly before surgica...Fig. 14.10 (a) Buccal and palatal swelling indicating a cyst (arrows), due t...

15 Chapter 15Fig. 15.1 (a) Anterior and (b) occlusal views of a non‐vital and discoloured...Fig. 15.2 (a) Impacted right maxillary central incisor, replaced (b) by poor...Fig. 15.3 The location of the dilacerate central incisor in a 24‐year‐old pa...Fig. 15.4 Impacted maxillary right third molar, following loss of second mol...Fig. 15.5 Radiographic views of the anterior maxilla (a) in the panoramic vi...Fig. 15.6 (a) Left side of panoramic film, showing an unerupted second molar...

16 Chapter 16Fig. 16.1 Lingual appliance (Incognito) in case of palatally impacted #13.Fig. 16.2 Space maintenance with a closed‐coil spring.Fig. 16.3 Open surgical exposure of the canine.Fig. 16.4 Small distance between palatal canine and lingual archwire.Fig. 16.5 (a) Elastic thread tied between the buccal eyelet of the impacted ...Fig. 16.6 Canine auxiliary ligated under main lingual arch and to canine eye...Fig. 16.7 Nickel–titanium archwire inserted through the palatal eyelet.Fig. 16.8 Loss of anchorage in treatment of a palatally impacted canine in a...Fig. 16.9 Elastic traction from the eyelet bonded on the palatal aspect of t...Fig. 16.10 Ballista spring tied into mini screw. (a) Passive state. (b) Acti...Fig. 16.11 Elastic traction from a secondary labial eyelet to a labially sit...Fig. 16.12 Canine moved buccally underneath the lingual archwire.Fig. 16.13 (a) Micro implant inserted at the appointment for the canine expo...Fig. 16.14 (a, b) Beta‐titanium spring in its passive mode, bonded to the im...

17 Chapter 17Fig. 17.1 (a) Initial extra‐ and intra‐oral photographic records. (b) Pre‐tr...Fig. 17.2 (a) Pre‐treatment extra‐ and intra‐oral photographs. (b) Pre‐treat...Fig. 17.3 Root movement control and torque in the buccal/lingual direction t...Fig. 17.4 Digital sequential distalization planning to create space for the ...Fig. 17.5 Digital planning software superimposition after upper incisor proc...Fig. 17.6 (a) Digital planning software superimposition of maxillary expansi...Fig. 17.7 (a) Mesial–distal root uprighting redirection control achieved by ...Fig. 17.8 (a) Mandibular occlusal view revealed over‐retained lower right de...Fig. 17.9 Punch pliers for self‐incorporation of button cut‐outs into clear ...Fig. 17.10 (a) Pre‐treatment panoramic view. (b) Pre‐treatment 3D cone beam ...Fig. 17.11 (a) Lower occlusal view. (b) Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)...Fig. 17.12 Elastic cut‐out hook milled into the aligner. (a) Tear‐drop plier...Fig. 17.13 Mushroom‐shaped metal button bonded to the upper first molar. The...

18 Chapter 18Fig. 18.1 (a) The pre‐treatment panoramic view of a patient whose mandibular...Fig. 18.2 A cause of incisor crowding? Fig. 18.3 A 15‐year‐old female presented with a dilacerate but erupted right...Fig. 18.4 Invasive cervical resorption. (a) Periapical radiograph of the inf...Fig. 18.5 Invasive cervical resorption. (a) Intra‐oral view at consultation....Fig. 18.6 A ‘condylar ’ third molar complete with dentigerous cyst. Courtesy...Fig. 18.7 (a–c) Panoramic, lateral cephalometric and occlusal views of a man...Fig. 18.8 (a, b) The maxillary parallel to Figure 18.7. Courtesy of Dr Monic...Fig. 18.9 (a, b) Bilateral ‘high‐flying’ maxillary canines. Courtesy of Dr P...Fig. 18.10 An ‘eye‐for‐an‐eye’ tooth. (a, b) The panoramic and lateral cepha...Fig. 18.11 (a) A severely displaced (group 4) canine crown has been brought ...Fig. 18.12 (a) Panoramic view at age 11 years showing no abnormality. (b) Pa...Fig. 18.13 Lost anchorage. (a) Following a closed surgical exposure of this ...Fig. 18.14 Inadequate vertical extrusion and iatrogenic damage. (a, b) Viewe...Fig. 18.15 Excessive vertical extrusion and iatrogenic damage. (a) The initi...Fig. 18.16 (a) The initial condition. (b) The panoramic showing the canine c...Fig. 18.17 (a) The 2006 panoramic radiograph of the early mixed dentition. (...Fig. 18.18 (a) Initial panoramic radiograph (February 2012). (b) Bracket pla...Fig. 18.19 The records of the patient taken at the time of transfer from the...Fig. 18.20 A case of mistaken identity. (a) The radiographic anterior occlus...Fig. 18.21 After three failed surgical interventions. (a) The intra‐oral pho...Fig. 18.22 (a) Intra‐oral photographs of the teeth in occlusion in a class I...

19 Chapter 19Fig. 19.1 An 8‐year‐old female following trauma to the lower face. (a, b) Se...Fig. 19.2 (a) A fractured and intruded incisor, seen one day after acute tra...Fig. 19.3 (a) Traumatic intrusion in a special needs child at one month post...Fig. 19.4 (a, b) Intra‐oral appearance of the periodontal damage surrounding...Fig. 19.5 (a) The arrows point to the bulging root apex of the palatal‐labia...

20 Chapter 20Fig. 20.1 The dens evaginatus. (a) Extra‐oral view of the patient’s smile. (...Fig. 20.2 (a) Intra‐oral appearance of the dentition and gingivae after succ...Fig. 20.3 (a) Pre‐treatment intra‐oral photographs of the teeth in occlusion...Fig. 20.4 (a) Intra‐oral photographs of the teeth in occlusion. The over‐ret...Fig. 20.5 (a) Intra‐oral photographs transferred with the patient to the aut...Fig. 20.6 (a) Intra‐oral views of the teeth in occlusion at the start of ort...Fig. 20.7 (a) Initial panoramic view of the dentition at the commencement of...Fig. 20.8 (a) Intra‐oral views of the considerable expansion of the maxilla ...

21 Chapter 21Fig. 21.1 (a, b) The approximated shoulders of a cleidocranial dysplasia pat...Fig. 21.2 Frontal midline furrow passing through the hairline.Fig. 21.3 Chest radiograph to show incomplete clavicles.Fig. 21.4 (a, b) The postero‐anterior and lateral cephalograms show abnormal...Fig. 21.5 Variation in number of supernumerary teeth in cleidocranial dyspla...Fig. 21.6 The tongue is visible at rest, postured forward between the anteri...Fig. 21.7 Typical skeletal growth pattern in the cleidocranial dysplasia pat...Fig. 21.8 A flow chart based on false logic leads to the wrong conclusions....Fig. 21.9 (a) A composite photograph of intra‐oral views taken prior to trea...Fig. 21.10 (a, b) A plastic bib covers the patient’s clothing and a thin pla...Fig. 21.11 (a) Intra‐oral views of the dentition of a 13‐year‐old male cleid...Fig. 21.12 (a) The initial appliance, with a lingual arch on molar bands in ...