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Contents

Acknowledgments

Foreword

1 40 years–Highlights and a Brief Review

1.1 An interdisciplinary education

1.2 Industry—speech recognition research

1.3 Southampton University—a developing focus on “aids for disabled people”

1.4 A chance meeting with a member of the British Parliament

1.5 Television subtitling

1.6 Dundee University

1.7 The School of Computing

1.8 IT support for older people—The Queen Mother Research Centre

1.9 Theatre for awareness raising and requirements gathering

1.10 Putting one’s faith in stories

1.11 Summary

2 Communication Systems for Non-Speaking and Hearing-Impaired People

2.1 A voice-operated typewriter for physically disabled people

2.2 The talking brooch—a communication aid for non-speaking people

2.3 Speech transcription for deaf people

2.4 Developing a first prototype with no external funding

2.5 Non-technological challenges to implementation

2.6 Technology transfer

2.7 The need for luck, faith, time, and effort

2.8 Commercial availability

3 TV Subtitling for Hearing-Impaired People

3.1 Moving into the field

3.2 The content and cost of television subtitles

3.3 Live subtitling

3.4 A subtitle preparation system

4 Word Prediction for Non-Speaking People and Systems for those with Dyslexia

4.1 Support for non-speaking people

4.2 Developing AAC devices

4.3 Word Prediction and associated techniques

4.4 Prediction supporting dyslexics

4.5 Evaluation of the effectiveness of prediction

4.6 Other techniques to support dyslexics

4.7 Disambiguation

4.8 Beyond word prediction

5 Providing Reusable Conversation for Non-Speaking People

5.1 An application of conversational analysis

5.2 Perceived communication competence

5.3 Technology to assist deceit

5.4 “Chattering, nattering and cheek”

5.5 Differences in conversational styles

5.6 The use of speech act theory

5.7 CHAT—Conversation Helped by Automatic Talk

5.8 Pragmatics versus semantics

5.9 The future

6 Story Telling and Emotion in Synthetic Speech

6.1 What do we do after we have said “Hello”

6.2 TOPIC—Text OutPut in Conversation

6.3 Prose—and other storytelling systems

6.4 Floorgrabber: an aid for non-speaking lecturers

6.5 Other conversational aids

6.6 Jokes

6.7 Symbolic and picture-based communication systems

6.8 Communication aids for Intensive Care

6.9 Emotion in synthetic speech

6.10 The current situation

6.11 The future

7 Lessons Learned from Designing AAC Devices

7.1 An effective and appropriate team

7.2 The role of users in the design team

7.3 Research in a clinical environment

7.4 Composition of a research team

7.5 An appropriate research methodology

7.6 Evaluation techniques

7.7 The cost of assistive technology

7.8 Professionalism in research

7.9 Ethical considerations

7.10 Assistive technology research—a summary

8 IT Systems for Older People

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Cybrarian: an e-mail system designed for older people

8.3 SeniorMail: also designed for older people

8.4 Sustaining the use of CIT

8.5 Assistive Technology for older users

8.6 IT supporting dementia

8.6.1 CIRCA: a multi-media scrap book

8.6.2 Creating music

8.6.3 Aids for daily living

8.7 Social networking for older adults

8.8 The Digital Divide

8.9 Conclusions

9 Designing IT Systems for Older People

9.1 Older people and demographics

9.2 Older people’s use of information technology

9.3 Mainstream information technology and older users

9.4 The characteristics of older people relevant to their use of IT

9.5 Reducing Functionality

9.6 Technical Generation Effect

9.7 Designing for dynamic diversity

9.8 Challenges for today’s young and middle-aged people

10 Ordinary and Extra-Ordinary Human Computer Interaction

10.1 Rehabilitation engineering and HCI

10.2 Mainstream exploitation of assistive technology research

10.3 Ordinary and extra-ordinary people and environments

10.3.1 “Able-bodied” and “disabled”—a false dichotomy

10.3.2 Individual differences

10.3.3 A concentration on real needs

10.3.4 Learning from extreme situations

10.3.5 Handicapping environments

10.3.6 Human computer interface “bandwidth”

10.4 Pitfalls of not considering the needs of people with disabilities

10.5 ECHO and ARCHIE—instantiations of the ordinary and extra-ordinary concepts

10.6 Take-home messages

11 User Sensitive Inclusive Design

11.1 Universal Design/Design for all

11.2 The “Accessibility” approach

11.3 User-centred and participatory design

11.4 Building on Design for All and User Centered Design

11.5 User Sensitive Inclusive Design

11.6 Engaging with users

11.7 Mutual inspiration between researchers and users

11.8 The “User Centre”—a social space for older users

11.9 Formal experiments with older and/or disabled users

11.10 Subject experts and clinicians

11.11 A focus on aesthetics

11.12 A focus on extraordinary users

12 The Use of Professional Theatre

12.1 Awareness raising

12.2 Using professionals

12.3 The UTOPIA trilogy

12.4 Evaluation of the trilogy

12.5 “Relative Confusion”

12.6 “Relatively PC”

12.7 Using live theatre, film and a combination of both

12.8 Theatre in requirements gathering

12.8.1 Smart house technology

12.8.2 Digital television applications for older people

12.8.3 New technology in the work place

12.8.4 Smart houses and multiple stakeholder

12.8.5 Adaptive interfaces

12.9 The use of professional actors to simulate users with dementia

12.10 The value of theatre

13 Attacking the Digital Divide

13.1 The challenge

13.2 The characteristics of older and disabled people

13.3 Build on capacities

13.4 Beware of jet packs

13.5 Technology-led research

13.6 Exploit unconnected research

13.7 Relationships with users

13.8 Hostility

13.9 Interdisciplinary teams

13.10 The need for professionalism in this research and development

13.11 Cognitive decline

13.12 Evaluation techniques

13.13 Other digitally disadvantaged groups

13.14 The challenges faced by older people will not go away

13.15 Concluding thoughts

Bibliography

Author’s Biography

Design and the Digital Divide

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