Читать книгу The fourth industrial revolution glossarium: over 1500 of the hottest terms you will use to create the future - Alexander Chesalov - Страница 6

Dashboard is a panel that shows operational and instrument vitals/readings and that helps process experts to monitor the most important production KPIs in one central point of access. It enables manufacturers to track and optimize the production quality and is a valuable analytics tool to manage all related manufacturing costs efficiently313.

Data Access is the authorized, on-demand ability to access, modify or edit selected data, regardless of location. Data Access is one of the main aspects of establishing successful data governance systems314.

Data Altruism – term used in the Data Governance Act. Data that is made available without reward for purely non-commercial usage that benefits communities or society at large, such as the use of mobility data to improve local transport315.

Data analytics is the science of analyzing raw data to make conclusions about that information. Many of the techniques and processes of data analytics have been automated into mechanical processes and algorithms that work over raw data for human consumption316.

Data Architecture is a discipline, process, and program focusing on integrating sets of information. One of the four Enterprise Architectures (with Application Architecture, Business Architecture, and System Architecture)317.

Data at Rest is stored data that is not processed or transferred318.

Data Center is a facility composed of networked computers, storage systems and computing infrastructure that organizations use to assemble, process, store and disseminate large amounts of data. A business typically relies heavily on the applications, services and data contained within a data center, making it a critical asset for everyday operations. Also, Data Center is a facility that contains connected equipment for computing resources319,320.

Data Controller (or Controller) – the natural or legal person, or any other body, which alone or jointly with others determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data. In a clinical trial, the organisation (s) responsible for the trial is usually considered being the controller321.

Data controller is a person, company, or other body that determines the purpose and means of personal data processing (this can be determined alone, or jointly with another person/company/body)322.

Data Curation is the organization and integration of data collected from various sources and it involves capturing, appraisal, description, preservation, access, use and reuse, and sharing of research data323.

Data Destruction – operation that results in the permanent, unrecoverable removal of information about an object from memory or storage (e.g., by multiple overwrites with a series of random bits)324.

Data Dictionary — database about data and database structures. A catalog of all data elements, containing their names, structures, and information about their usage, for the benefit of programmers and others interested in the data elements and their usage325.

Data Donation is research in which people voluntarily contribute their own personal data that was generated for a different purpose to a collective dataset326.

Data Donator — person donating personal data (may have the option to provide his/her email, signing the data with a private key, and restricting the allowed usage of the provided data)327.

Data Economy is a global digital ecosystem, that enables free movement of data within the EU. Furthermore, data enables optimization and decision-making processes as well as innovations in a wide range of areas. Also, Data Economy refers to the utilization of digital data in commercial transactions328,329.

Data Element – the smallest piece of information considered meaningful and usable. A single logical data fact, the basic building block of a Logical Data Model330.

Data Enrichment is the process of augmenting collected raw data or processed data with existing data or domain knowledge to enhance the analytic process331.

Data entry – the process of converting verbal or written responses to electronic form332.

Data for social science, is generally numeric files originating from social research methodologies or administrative records, from which statistics are produced333.

Data Governance is a system of decision rights and accountabilities for information-related processes, executed according to agreed-upon models which describe who can take what actions with what information, and when, under what circumstances, using what methods334.

Data Governance Methodology is a logical structure providing step-by-step instructions for performing Data Governance processes335.

Data Governance Office is a centralized organizational entity responsible for facilitating and coordinating Data Governance and/or Stewardship efforts for an organization. It supports a decision-making group, such as a Data Stewardship Council336.

Data in Motion is information that’s transferred from one location to another337.

Data in Use is information that’s being processed338.

Data Integrity proves that data hasn’t been tampered with, altered, or destroyed in an unauthorized way339.

Data is a public good. This concept allows open use of non-personal data340.

Data lakes are centralized repositories of structured and unstructured data at any scale. Data is stored without having to first structure the data and then run different types of analytics. Data lakes are typically «cold storage» so not ideal for high performance direct IO applications341.

Data Linkage – technique that involves bringing together and analyzing data from a variety of sources, typically data that relates to the same individual342.

Data literacy – the ability to derive meaningful information from data, just as literacy in general is the ability to derive information from the written word. The complexity of data analysis, especially in the context of big data, means that data literacy requires some knowledge of mathematics and statistics343.

Data Management is all the disciplines related to managing data as a valuable resource, such as data modeling or metadata management344.

Data management plan (DMP) is a formal document that outlines the creation, management, sharing, and preservation of data, both during and after a research project. Many funding agencies require researchers prepare a DMP as part of funding proposals345.

Data Mapping – the process of assigning a source data element to a target data element346.

Data markup is the stage of processing structured and unstructured data, during which data (including text documents, photo and video images) are assigned identifiers that reflect the type of data (data classification), and (or) data is interpreted to solve a specific problem, in including using machine learning methods (National Strategy for the Development of Artificial Intelligence for the period up to 2030).

Data mining is the process of data analysis and information extraction from large amounts of datasets with machine learning, statistical approaches. and many others. Data mining is the process of finding anomalies, patterns and correlations within large data sets to predict outcomes. Using a broad range of techniques, you can use this information to increase revenues, cut costs, improve customer relationships, reduce risks and more. Also, Data mining is the process of turning raw data into useful information by using software to look for meaningful patterns347,348,349.

Data modeling is the process of creating a simplified diagram of a software system and the data elements it contains, using text and symbols to represent the data and how it flows. Data models provide a blueprint for designing a new database or reengineering a legacy application. Overall, data modeling helps an organization use its data effectively to meet business needs for information350

Data portability allows individuals to obtain and reuse their personal data for their own purposes across different services. It allows them to move, copy or transfer personal data easily from one IT environment to another in a safe and secure way, without affecting its usability351.

Data Privacy – the assurance that a persons or organizations personal and private information is not inappropriately disclosed. Ensuring Data Privacy requires Access Management, eSecurity, and other data protection efforts352.

Data Processing within the field of information technology, typically means the processing of information by machines. Data processing is defined by procedures designed to make a data collection easier to use, ensure its accuracy, enhance its utility, optimize its format, protect confidentiality, etc. For archival purposes, the process and results of data processing must be systematically and comprehensively captured so that the process applied to the data is transparent to users353.

Data Processor (or Processor) – the natural or legal person, or any other body, which processes personal data on behalf of the controller354.

Data Protection Authority monitors and supervises, through investigative and corrective powers, the application of the data protection law. It provides expert advice on data protection issues and handle complaints that may have breached the law355.

Data protection is the process of protecting data and involves the relationship between the collection and dissemination of data and technology, the public perception and expectation of privacy and the political and legal underpinnings surrounding that data. It aims to strike a balance between individual privacy rights while still allowing data to be used for business purposes356.

Data Protection Officer ensures that the organisation processes the personal data of its staff, customers, providers or any other individuals (also referred to as data subjects) in compliance with the applicable data protection rules357.

Data Requestor – person or institution that is looking for data and provides the necessary infrastructure, e.g. a publicly available Semantic Container initialized with a semantic description of the data request and intended purpose of the collected data358.

Data Science is a broad grouping of mathematics, statistics, probability, computing, data visualization to extract knowledge from a heterogeneous set of data (images, sound, text, genomic data, social network links, physical measurements, etc.). The methods and tools derived from artificial intelligence are part of this family. Data science is the field of study that combines domain expertise, programming skills, and knowledge of mathematics and statistics to extract meaningful insights from data. Data science practitioners apply machine learning algorithms to numbers, text, images, video, audio, and more to produce artificial intelligence (AI) systems to perform tasks that ordinarily require human intelligence. In turn, these systems generate insights which analysts and business users can translate into tangible business value. Data Science is an interdisciplinary field that uses scientific methods, processes, algorithms and systems to extract knowledge and insights from structured and unstructured data, and apply knowledge and actionable insights from data across a broad range of application domains. Also, Data Science this is an academic/professional field that comprises several components for data analysis and interpretation through mathematics, statistics and information technology. Thus, a data scientist not only collects and analyzes inputs, but also interprets and relates the facts to the context in which they are inserted359,360,361.

Data set is a collection of data. In the case of tabular data, a data set corresponds to one or more database tables, where every column of a table represents a particular variable, and each row corresponds to a given record of the data set in question. The data set lists values for each of the variables, such as for example height and weight of an object, for each member of the data set. Data sets can also consist of a collection of documents or files. Data set a collection of data records. In the SAS statistical software, a «SAS data set» is the internal representation of data. Also, Data set is a set of data that has undergone preliminary preparation (processing) in accordance with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation on information, information technology and information protection and is necessary for the development of software based on artificial intelligence (National strategy for the development of artificial intelligence for the period up to 2030)362,363.

Data Sharing – the disclosure of data from one or more organizations to a third party organisation or organizations, or the sharing of data between different parts of an organisation364.

Data Sharing Agreement – common set of rules to be adopted by the various organizations involved in a data sharing operation365.

Data sharing governance – concept changing «ownership’ of data-to-data control and data sharing governance366.

Data silos are repositories of fixed data that remain under the control of one group or department and that are isolated from the rest of the organization367.

Data source is the primary location where the data that is being used comes from368.

Data Stakeholders – those who use, affect, or are affected by data. Data Stakeholders may be upstream producers, gatherers, or acquirers of information; downstream consumers of information, those who manage, transform, or store data, or those who set policies, standards, architectures, or other requirements or constraints369.

Data Steward is a person with data-related responsibilities as set by a Data Governance or Data Stewardship program. Often, Data Stewards fall into multiple types. Data Quality Stewards, Data Definition Stewards, Data Usage Stewards, etc.370.

Data Subject is the person whose personal data are collected, held or processed. identified or identifiable natural person, who is the subject of personal data371.

Data transfer rate (DTR) is the amount of digital data that is moved from one place to another in a given time. The data transfer rate can be viewed as the speed of travel of a given amount of data from one place to another. In general, the greater the bandwidth of a given path, the higher the data transfer rate372.

Data variability describes how far apart data points lie from each other and from the center of a distribution. Along with measures of central tendency, measures of variability give you descriptive statistics that summarize your data373.

Data veracity is the degree of accuracy or truthfulness of a data set. In the context of big data, it’s not just the quality of the data that is important, but how trustworthy the source, the type, and processing of the data are374.

Database is an organized collection of structured information, or data, typically stored electronically in a computer system. A database is usually controlled by a database management system (DBMS). Together, the data and the DBMS, along with the applications that are associated with them, are referred to as a database system, often shortened to just database. Data within the most common types of databases in operation today is typically modeled in rows and columns in a series of tables to make processing and data querying efficient. The data can then be easily accessed, managed, modified, updated, controlled, and organized. Most databases use structured query language (SQL) for writing and querying data375.

Database management system (DBMS) is a software package designed to define, manipulate, retrieve and manage data in a database. A DBMS generally manipulates the data itself, the data format, field names, record structure and file structure. It also defines rules to validate and manipulate this data. Database management systems are set up on specific data handling concepts, as the practice of administrating a database evolves. The earliest databases only handled individual single pieces of specially formatted data. Today’s more evolved systems can handle different kinds of less formatted data and tie them together in more elaborate ways376.

Databus is a data-centric sharing system where applications exchange information in a virtual, global data space377.

Data-driven decisions are decisions made based on data/information, not experience, hunches, or intuition378.

Dataflow Processing Unit (DPU) is a programmable specialized electronic circuit with hardware accelerated data processing for data-oriented computing.

DDI instance an XML document, marked up according to the DDI DTD. In other words, a codebook or catalog record marked up in DDI-compliant XML379.

Debugging is the process of finding and resolving bugs (defects or problems that prevent correct operation) within computer programs, software, or systems. Debugging tactics can involve interactive debugging, control flow analysis, unit testing, integration testing, log file analysis, monitoring at the application or system level, memory dumps, and profiling. Many programming languages and software development tools also offer programs to aid in debugging, known as debuggers380.

Decentralized applications (dApps) are digital applications or programs that exist and run on a blockchain or peer-to-peer (P2P) network of computers instead of a single computer. DApps (also called «dapps») are outside the purview and control of a single authority. DApps – which are often built on the Ethereum platform – can be developed for a variety of purposes including gaming, finance, and social media381.

Decentralized control is a process in which a significant number of control actions related to a given object are generated by the object itself on the basis of self-government.

Decentralized finance (DeFi) is an emerging financial technology based on secure distributed ledgers similar to those used by cryptocurrencies. The system removes the control banks and institutions have on money, financial products, and financial services382.

Decision intelligence (DI) is a practical discipline used to improve the decision making process by clearly understanding and programmatically developing how decisions are made and how the outcomes are evaluated, managed and improved through feedback. Also, Decision intelligence is a discipline offers a framework to assist data and analytics practitioners develop, model, align, implement, track, and modify decision models and processes related to business results and performance.

Decision Rights – the system of determining who makes a decision, and when, and how, and under what circumstances. Formalizing Decision Rights is a key function of Data Governance383.

Decision support system (DSS) is an information system that supports business or organizational decision-making activities. DSSs serve the management, operations and planning levels of an organization (usually mid and higher management) and help people make decisions about problems that may be rapidly changing and not easily specified in advance – i.e. unstructured and semi-structured decision problems. Decision support systems can be either fully computerized or human-powered, or a combination of both. Also, Decision Support Systems is a collection of integrated technologies, software and hardware, that constitute the main support of the organization`s decision making process384.

Decision tree is a tree-and-branch model used to represent decisions and their possible consequences, similar to a flowchart.

Decompression is a feature that is used to restore data to uncompressed form after compression385.

Deep Learning (also known as deep structured learning) is part of a broader family of machine learning methods based on artificial neural networks with representation learning. Learning can be supervised, semi-supervised or unsupervised. Deep-learning architectures such as deep neural networks, deep belief networks, deep reinforcement learning, recurrent neural networks and convolutional neural networks have been applied to fields including computer vision, speech recognition, natural language processing, machine translation, bioinformatics, drug design, medical image analysis, climate science, material inspection and board game programs, where they have produced results comparable to and in some cases surpassing human expert performance. Also, Deep Learning (DL) is a subfield of machine learning concerned with algorithms that are inspired by the human brain that works in a hierarchical way. Deep Learning models, which are mostly based on the (artificial) neural networks, have been applied to different fields, such as speech recognition, computer vision, and natural language processing386.

Deep neural network – a multilayer network containing several (many) hidden layers of neurons between the input and output layers, which allows modeling complex nonlinear relationships. GNNs are now increasingly used to solve such artificial intelligence problems as speech recognition, natural language processing, computer vision, etc., including in robotics387.

Deep Technology (DEEP TECH) refers to a startup whose business idea is based on a scientific or otherwise extensive (deep) understanding of technology. The term has been adopted to set certain companies apart from other startups which are also technology driven. A deep tech company may, for instance, base the core of its operations on particularly complex mathematics in the creation of software algorithms. Deep technology companies typically comprise artificial intelligence companies, which try to replicate human thinking, build navigation systems for flying cars and so on388.

DeepMind is an artificial intelligence company founded in 2010 and later acquired by Google in 2014. DeepMind developed AlphaGo program that beat a human professional Go player for the first time.

Default access controls – the access controls that apply where a registered individual has not set controls on the registered healthcare provider organizations or nominated representatives who may access the individual’s My Health Record. This means that any registered healthcare provider organisation involved in your healthcare can access your record389.

Degree of maturity is the degree of clarity (clarity) of the definition, management, measurement, control and implementation of a specific technological process.

De-identification – process of rendering data pseudonymized or anonymized. general term for any process of removing the association between a set of identifying data and the data subject390.

Denial of Service (DoS) prevents unauthorized access to resources. It also prevents time-critical operation delays391.

Depersonalization of personal data is actions as a result of which it is impossible to determine, without the use of additional information, the belonging of personal data to a specific User or other personal data subject392.

Depthwise separable convolutional neural network (sepCNN) – a convolutional neural network architecture based on Inception, but where Inception modules are replaced with depthwise separable convolutions. Also known as Xception. A depthwise separable convolution (also abbreviated as separable convolution) factors a standard 3-D convolution into two separate convolution operations that are more computationally efficient: first, a depthwise convolution, with a depth of 1 (n ✕ n ✕ 1), and then second, a pointwise convolution, with length and width of 1 (1 ✕ 1 ✕ n). To learn more, see Xception: Deep Learning with Depthwise Separable Convolutions.

Design Center – an organizational unit (the entire organization or its subdivision) that performs a full range or part of the work on creating products up to the stage of its mass production, and also has the necessary personnel, equipment and technologies for this.

Design thinking is an iterative process in which we seek to understand the user, challenge assumptions, and redefine problems in an attempt to identify alternative strategies and solutions that might not be instantly apparent with our initial level of understanding. At the same time, it provides a solution-based approach to solving problems. It is a way of thinking and working as well as a collection of hands-on methods393.

Destruction of personal data – actions, as a result of which it becomes impossible to restore the content of personal data in the personal data information system and (or) as a result of which material carriers of personal data are destroyed.

Developer Experience (DX) is a type of user experience that has been targeted at software professionals, such as software developers. An excellent DX is a central business objective, for instance, for SaaS and platform economy operators394.

DevOps (development & operations) is a set of practices, tools, and culture philosophies that automate and integrate the processes of software development teams and IT teams. DevOps emphasizes team empowerment, collaboration and collaboration, and technology automation. The term DevOps is also understood as a special approach to organizing development teams. Its essence is that developers, testers and administrators work in a single thread – they are not each responsible for their own stage, but work together on the release of the product and try to automate the tasks of their departments so that the code moves between stages without delay. In DevOps, responsibility for the result is distributed among the entire team. Devops is an agile operational model for producing electronic services. DevOps focuses on the communication between software developers, maintenance and production personnel. DevOps aims to build an environment in which building, testing and publishing software can happen quickly, often and reliably. DevOps relies on the practices of agile development and tools that automate infrastructure management. DevOps is a particularly central term in modern SaaS software development395,396,397.

DHE Funding Database – an overview of open relevant calls to support the large-scale deployment of person-centred digital solutions. The database includes Horizon Europe, EU4Health and the Digital Europe Program398.

Diagnostic analysis is a form of advanced analytics which examines data or content to answer the question «Why did it happen?», and is characterized by techniques such as drill-down, data discovery, data mining and correlations. Diagnostic analytics takes a deeper look at data to attempt to understand the causes of events and behaviors399.

Diagnostic imaging report (or radiology) is primarily a written communication between the radiologist interpreting the imaging study (e.g. X-ray, MRI) and the clinician who requested the examination400.

Dialogflow API.AI is a platform that allows users to build brand-unique, natural language interactions for bots, applications, services, and devices. It features a Natural Language Understanding Tools to design unique conversation scenarios, design corresponding actions and analyze interactions with users.

DICOM (digital imaging and communications in medicine) is a standard protocol for the management and transmission of medical images and related data and is used in many healthcare facilities401.

Dictionary file is a special form of machine-readable codebook that contains information about the structure of a data file and the locations and, often, the names of variables in the data file. Typically, a researcher uses a dictionary file and a data file together with statistical software; the statistical software uses the dictionary to specify variables by name, rather than specifying their locations in the file402.

Digital Age is the time we live, characterized by people’s ability to transmit information without restriction and to have access to information in a way that was impossible in the past. It is also called the «informational era»403.

Digital Agenda represents the synthesis of the European Commission’s strategy for the usage of ICTs in order to achieve economic growth404.

Digital agriculture sometimes known as smart farming or e-agriculture, is tools that digitally collect, store, analyze, and share electronic data and/or information in agriculture. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has described the digitalization process of agriculture as the digital agricultural revolution405.

Digital assets are electronic files of data that can be owned and transferred by individuals, and used as a currency to make transactions, or as a way of storing intangible content, such as computerized artworks, video or contract documents406.

Digital Body Language encompasses all the digital activities performed by an individual. Every time a person performs a Google search, visits a web page, opens a newsletter or downloads a guide, they contribute to their digital body language. Digital body language is used in building marketing automation407.

Digital Business Ecosystem it helps to support digital business models and local and regional development and growth encouraging cooperation between small organizations, entrepreneurs, local government, public administration, research, and innovation centers to promote the cohesion of local communities and enable new modes of sustainable e-business practices and open innovation408.

Digital Business Strategy is combination between IT strategy and business strategy409.

Digital Business, or Electronic Business is an activity that aims at gaining a competitive edge via (or with the help of) the web. The Internet has become one of the standard operational environments for electronic business, but there are alternatives. Digital business focusses on innovations related to the operational concept and realizes them through modern electronic solutions. On the strategic level, the core of operations is based on digitization, not merely on turning traditional processes electronic. This entire glossary of digital business can be understood as a group of things used to implement digital business strategies. Digital business is often linked to disruption-oriented approaches410.

Digital Capabilities is the term used to describe the skills and attitudes that individuals and organizations need if they are to thrive in today’s world. At an individual level we define digital capabilities as those which equip someone to live, learn and work in a digital society411.

Digital citizenship as the self-enactment of people’s role in society through the use of digital technologies, stressing the empowering and democratizing characteristics of the citizenship idea412.

Digital Company is companies, that offer digital brokerage services and advertising services without a fixed workplace413.

Digital consumer may be defined as someone using mobile devices, and in a broad sense, as e-consumer, looking for and purchasing products on the Internet, taking advantage of the content published on-line, aware of themselves and of their needs, and keen on simplifying the decisions they need to make414.

Digital contact tracing is a method of contact tracing relying on tracking systems, most often based on mobile devices, to determine contact between an infected patient and a user415.

Digital content refers to any type of media that an organization uses to engage with visitors, customers, or users of their website or applications, distributed by online delivery systems416.

Digital Curation is all about maintaining and adding value to a trusted body of digital information for future and current use; specifically, the active management and appraisal of data over the entire life cycle. Digital curation builds upon the underlying concepts of digital preservation whilst emphasizing opportunities for added value and knowledge through annotation and continuing resource management417.

Digital currency is a form of currency that is available only in digital or electronic form. It is also called digital money, electronic money, electronic currency, or cybercash418.

Digital Customer Experience is the sum of encounters experienced by the customer in various digital media. See also Customer experience419.

Digital disruption is an effect that changes the fundamental expectations and behaviors in a culture, market, industry or process that is caused by, or expressed through, digital capabilities, channels or assets420.

Digital Divide is a term that refers to the gap between demographics and regions that have access to modern information and communications technology (ICT), and those that don’t or have restricted access. This technology can include the telephone, television, personal computers and internet connectivity. Digital Divide is a concept that has become especially widespread in the last decade due to the increased importance of introducing new digital technologies in society and overcoming existing differences in the field of information and knowledge that hinder the development of basic economic and social infrastructures, in particular the energy sector, telecommunications and education421.

Digital Economy is the worldwide network of economic activities, commercial transactions and professional interactions that are enabled by information and communications technologies (ICT). It can be succinctly summed up as the economy based on digital technologies. The digital economy is an economic activity in which digital data is a key factor in production, the processing of large volumes and the use of the analysis results of which, compared with traditional forms of management, can significantly increase the efficiency of various types of production, technologies, equipment, storage, sale, delivery of goods and services422.

Digital ecosystem is a group of interconnected information technology resources that can function as a unit. Digital ecosystems are made up of suppliers, customers, trading partners, applications, third-party data service providers and all respective technologies. Digital Ecosystem is an integrated information technology resource made up of suppliers, customers, trading partners, applications, third-party data service providers and all respective technologies with Interoperability being the key to its success423,424.

Digital educational environment is an open set of information systems designed to support various tasks of the educational process. The word «open» means the ability and the right to use different information systems as part of the DSP, replace them or add new ones at your own discretion.

Digital Entrepreneurship it is the branch of science or can even be placed within the administration and/or economics, which studies the specific characteristics of entrepreneurs in the current digital era425.

Digital ethics is a form of ethics that includes systems of values and moral principles of electronic interaction between people, organizations and things.

Digital Europe Program is a new EU funding program for the period 2021—2027 focused on bringing digital technology to businesses, citizens and public administrations426.

Digital Footprint refers to the presence of a company, an organization or an individual in the digital media. For example, blog marketing aims at growing the digital footprint of a company online. Digital Footprint – the information left behind as a result of digital activities and communications stated on the Internet427,428.

Digital goods are a general phrase used to describe any goods that are stored, delivered and used in its electronic format. Digital goods are shipped electronically to the consumer through email or download from the Internet429.

Digital government services (also called e-government) are defined as service delivery within government – as well as between government and the public – using information and communication technologies430.

Digital health (digital healthcare) is a broad, multidisciplinary concept that includes concepts from an intersection between technology and healthcare. Digital health and care refers to tools and services that use information and communication technology (ICT) to improve prevention, diagnosis, treatment, monitoring and management of health and lifestyle. Digital health and care has the potential to innovate and improve access to care, quality of care, and to increase the overall efficiency of the health sector431.

Digital health literacy refers to the ability to seek, find, understand and appraise health-related information from electronic resources and apply the knowledge gained to making appropriate health decisions in order to address or solve a health problem432.

Digital image processing is the use of a digital computer to process digital images through an algorithm. As a subcategory or field of digital signal processing, digital image processing has many advantages over analog image processing. It allows a much wider range of algorithms to be applied to the input data and can avoid problems such as the build-up of noise and distortion during processing. Since images are defined over two dimensions (perhaps more) digital image processing may be modeled in the form of multidimensional systems. The generation and development of digital image processing are mainly affected by three factors: first, the development of computers; second, the development of mathematics (especially the creation and improvement of discrete mathematics theory); third, the demand for a wide range of applications in environment, agriculture, military, industry and medical science has increased433.

Digital labor represents emergent forms of labor characterized by the production of value through interaction with information and communication technologies such as digital platforms or artificial intelligence434.

Digital Literacy – the American Library Association’s (ALA) task force on Digital Literacy defines it as the ability to effectively use information and communication technologies to «find, understand, evaluate, create and communicate» information (ALA, 2013). In the context of this chapter, digital literacy is a key skill required to fully participate in technologically advanced communities. Also, Digital Literacy is having the skills you need to live, learn, and work in a society where communication and access to information is increasingly through digital technologies like internet platforms, social media, and mobile devices. It involves knowing how to use a range of technologies to find information, solve problems or complete tasks. Digital literacy is also about knowing how to act safely and respectfully online. Digital literacy refers to the skills, knowledge, and attitudes necessary to successfully use digital solutions, effectively understand and utilize data outputs from such solutions as well as actively participate in the digital information society. Although digital competences are generally improving through increased utilization of digital technologies, there remain significant digital literacy gaps within and between population groups435,436,437.

Digital Marketing means marketing that is carried out in digital media as opposed to so-called traditional marketing which focusses on media such as radio, television and newspapers. Digital marketing comprises all marketing taking place online, e-mail marketing, mobile marketing, keyword advertising, social media marketing and so on438.

Digital Maturity describes how holistically and efficiently an organization utilizes digital means in its core business. Improving digital maturity increases a company’s competitive advantage in its market. The Digital Business Maturity Model helps to roughly outline your starting situation, set goals that suit your strategy, and identify the means to raise the digital maturity level to meet those goals. The digital business maturity model also helps to distinguish between easily applicable actions and those that require profound change439.

Digital Multinational Enterprise is enterprises that perform activities primarily based on Internet and/or provide the enabling infrastructure supporting the Internet in more than one country440.

Digital object identifier (DOI) is a unique persistent identifier for a published digital object, such as an article or a study. DOIs are included in ICPSR citations to data collections. Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique, persistent identifying number for a document published online. It appears on a document or in a bibliographic citation as an alphanumeric string of characters that that acts as an active link to the original digital object (journal article, report, etc.). Its purpose is to be a permanent, precise identifier for an individual document, regardless of its location on the Internet; a document retains its DOI even if its URL location changes. A publisher assigns a DOI to an article when it is published and becomes accessible online441,442.

Digital Platform is a group of technologies that are used as a basis for creating a specific and specialized system of digital interaction. Also, Digital Platform is an Internet-based software solution that brings the operators of a certain area together to form one single value network. A digital platform can be figuratively described as the heart of a platform economy operator. The central element of a digital platform is a well-documented and comprehensive API, through which the platform can receive data from or send data to the operators of the value network (or the platform databanks). APIs enable the linking together of several different digital platforms443.

Digital platform of the Institute of the Commissioner for Human Rights is a set of information technologies and systems that are used as the basis for the collection, processing, storage, exchange, statistical and predictive analysis of large structured and unstructured data on violations and measures taken to protect rights based on big data technologies, artificial intelligence, differential privacy and ensuring the creation and functioning of a specialized digital ecosystem for the protection of rights and freedoms. The term was first introduced by Alexander Chesalov in his book Digital Ecosystem of the Ombudsman Institute: Concept, Technologies, Practice (2021).

Digital platforms operator is an entity or person offering an online communication service to the public based on computer algorithms used to classify content, goods, or services offered online, or the connection of several parties for the sale of goods, the provision of a service, or the exchange or sharing of content, goods, and services444.

Digital Preservation is a term that encompasses all of the activities required to ensure that the digital content designated for long-term preservation is maintained in usable formats, for as long as access to that content is needed or desired, and can be made available in meaningful ways to current and future users445.

Digital representation – information that represents attributes and behaviors of an entity446.

Digital rights are the rights of individuals as it pertains to computer access and the ability to use, create and publish digital media. Digital rights can also refer to allowed permissions for fair use of digital copyrighted materials. Digital rights are extensions of human rights like freedom of expression and the right to privacy. The extent to which digital rights are recognized varies from country to country, but Internet access is a recognized right in several countries447.

Digital rights management (DRM) is the use of technology to control and manage access to copyrighted material. Another DRM meaning is taking control of digital content away from the person who possesses it and handing it to a computer program. DRM aims to protect the copyright holder’s rights and prevents content from unauthorized distribution and modification448.

Digital Service Environment is any environment where online activity takes place, without confrontation449.

Digital Services is all activities carried out in digital services environment or services offered by digital companies450.

Digital Services Tax is a tax on income from certain digital services or the taxation of income from the provision of certain digital services resulting from user value creation451.

Digital Shadow is a digital image of a real object. These data contain both the current status and the desired status of the object, the possible ways and processes for achieving the desired status, and the history of what the object has already gone through. It is only the combination of a digital shadow and a physical object that results in a smart thing. Every physical product can be manufactured more efficiently and with higher quality in the digitized production facility if a digital shadow has been created for it and it bears its own specific DNA452.

Digital signature is a value computed with a cryptographic algorithm and associated with a data object in such a way that any recipient of the data can use the signature to verify the data’s origin and integrity. A digital signature ensures signer authenticity, provides accountability, secures sensitive data, and guards against tampering453.

Digital Single Market (DSM) is one in which the free movement of persons, services and capital is ensured and where the individuals and businesses can seamlessly access and engage in online activities under conditions of fair competition, and a high level of consumer and personal data protection, irrespective of their nationality or place of residence. Also, Digital Single Market defines the European Commission’s strategy for the best possible access to the online world for individuals and businesses454,455.

Digital skills are broadly defined as the skills needed to «use digital devices, communication applications, and networks to access and manage information,» from basic online searching and emailing to specialist programming and development. Digital skills these are abilities required to use digital technologies456,457.

Digital Social Innovation (DSI) is innovation that uses digital technologies to enable or help carry out social innovations458.

Digital society (Global information society) is a new world knowledge society that exists and interacts, and is also closely integrated into a fundamentally and qualitatively new digital social, economic and cultural ecosystem, in which the free exchange of information and knowledge is implemented using artificial intelligence, augmented and virtual reality, which are additional interfaces for the interaction of people and machines (computers, robots, wearable devices, etc.).

Digital solution in the context of this project are understood to be good and innovative practices including lessons learned459.

Digital Solutions for citizen- healthcare professional interaction – any digital health solution (that is accessible to citizens who may be patients or their informal caregivers, from home/work or elsewhere) which allows direct or indirect interaction with healthcare professionals. These include solutions that support telehealth services, whether they provide synchronous or asynchronous communication460.

Digital sovereignty is a key idea in the internet age – the idea that parties must have sovereignty over their own digital data. This can be applied on an individual basis or toward nations – the bottom line is that digital sovereignty involves consideration of how data and digital assets are treated461.

Digital supply chain an environment where processes are web-based. If organizations want to successfully implement Industry 4.0 concepts, they will need to integrate a digital supply chain into their processes. Greater connectivity allows greater sharing of manufacturing processes, production control and scheduling462.

Digital Supply Chain is a digital supply chain refers to processes that use advanced technologies to get better insights into the functions of each stakeholder along the chain to enable them to take better decisions463.

Digital technology – the branch of scientific or engineering knowledge that deals with the creation and practical use of digital or computerized devices, methods, systems, etc.464.

Digital Technology business is a business whose primary purpose is to both create AND sell digital technology products, services or solutions465.

Digital transaction is a seamless system involving one or more participants, where transactions are affected without the need for cash. The digital transaction involves a constantly evolving way of doing things where financial technology (fintech) companies collaborate with various sectors of the economy for the purpose of meeting the increasingly sophisticated demands of the growing tech-savvy users466.

Digital Transformation (digitalization) is the transformation and thus improvement of operations by implementing digital technologies. Digital Transformation is the intensive use of information technologies and the transfer of business processes and information to digital (electronic) environment by saving money and time. Also, Digital Transformation is the process of integrating digital technologies into all aspects of activity, requiring fundamental changes in technology, culture, operations and the principles of creating new products and services467,468.

Digital transformation of federal executive bodies and management bodies of state off-budget funds – a set of actions carried out by a state body aimed at changing (transforming) state administration and the activities of a state body to provide them with public services and perform public functions through the use of data in electronic form and implementation information technologies in their activities for the purposes specified in the Regulation approved by Decree No. 1646 «On measures to ensure the effectiveness of measures for the use of information and communication technologies in the activities of federal executive authorities and management bodies of state extra-budgetary funds».

Digital Transformation of Health and Care (DTHC) in the Digital Single Market identifies three priorities: 1. Citizens’ secure access to their health data, also across borders – enabling citizens to access their health data across the EU; 2. Personalized medicine through shared European data infrastructure – allowing researchers and other professionals to pool resources (data, expertise, computing processing and storage capacities) across the EU; 3. Citizen empowerment with digital tools for user feedback and person-centred care – using digital tools to empower people to look after their health, stimulate prevention and enable feedback and interaction between users and health care providers469