Читать книгу The Art of Paper-Making - Alexander Watt - Страница 3
Оглавление| CHAPTER I. | |
| CELLULOSE. | |
| PAGE | |
| Cellulose—Action of Acids on Cellulose—Physical Characteristics of Cellulose—Micrographic Examination of Vegetable Fibres—Determination of Cellulose—Recognition of Vegetable Fibres by the Microscope | 1 |
| CHAPTER II. | |
| MATERIALS USED IN PAPER-MAKING. | |
| Raw Materials—Rags—Disinfecting Machine—Straw—Esparto Grass—Wood—Bamboo—Paper Mulberry | 9 |
| CHAPTER III. | |
| TREATMENT OF RAGS. | |
| Preliminary Operations—Sorting—Cutting—Bertrams' Rag-cutting Machine—Nuttall's Rag-cutter—Willowing—Bertrams' Willow and Duster—Dusting—Bryan Donkin's Duster or Willow—Donkin's Devil | 19 |
| CHAPTER IV. | |
| TREATMENT OF RAGS (continued). | |
| Boiling Rags—Bertrams' Rag-boiler—Donkin's Rag-boiler—Washing and Breaking—Bertrams' Rag-engine—Bentley and Jackson's Rag-engine—Draining—Terrance's Drainer | 29 |
| CHAPTER V. | |
| TREATMENT OF ESPARTO. | |
| Preliminary Treatment—Picking—Willowing Esparto—Boiling Esparto—Sinclair's Esparto Boiler—Roeckner's Boiler—Mallary's Process—Carbonell's Process—Washing Boiled Esparto—Young's Process—Bleaching the Esparto | 40 |
| CHAPTER VI. | |
| TREATMENT OF WOOD. | |
| I. Chemical Processes—Watt and Burgess's Process—Sinclair's Process—Keegan's Process—American Wood-pulp System—Aussedat's Process—Acid Treatment of Wood—Pictet and Brélaz's Process—Barre and Blondel's Process—Poncharac's Process—Young and Pettigrew's Process—Fridet and Matussière's Process | 53 |
| CHAPTER VII. | |
| TREATMENT OF WOOD (continued). | |
| Sulphite Processes—Francke's Process—Ekman's Process—Dr. Mitscherlich's Process—Ritter and Kellner's Boiler—Partington's Process—Blitz's Process—M'Dougall's Boiler for Acid Processes—Graham's Process—Objections to the Acid or Sulphite Processes—Sulphite Fibre and Resin—Adamson's Process—Sulphide. Processes—II. Mechanical Processes—Voelter's Process for preparing Wood-pulp—Thune's Process | 68 |
| CHAPTER VIII. | |
| TREATMENT OF VARIOUS FIBRES. | |
| Treatment of Straw—Bentley and Jackson's Boiler—Boiling the Straw—Bertrams' Edge-runner—M. A. C. Mellier's Process—Manilla, Jute, &c.—Waste Paper—Boiling Waste Paper—Ryan's Process for Treating Waste Paper | 80 |
| CHAPTER IX. | |
| BLEACHING. | |
| Bleaching Operations—Sour Bleaching—Bleaching with Chloride of Lime—Donkin's Bleach Mixer—Bleaching with Chlorine Gas (Glaser's Process)—Electrolytic Bleaching (C. Watt's Process)—Hermite's Process—Andreoli's Process—Thompson's Process—Lunge's Process—Zinc Bleach Liquor—Alum Bleach Liquor—New Method of Bleaching | 89 |
| CHAPTER X. | |
| BEATING OR REFINING. | |
| Beating—Mr. Dunbar's Observations on Beating—Mr. Arnot on Beating Engines—Mr. Wyatt on American Refining Engines—The Beating Engine—Forbes' Beating Engine—Umpherston's Beating Engine—Operation of Beating—Test for Chlorine—Blending | 101 |
| CHAPTER XI. | |
| LOADING.—SIZING.—COLOURING. | |
| Loading—Sizing—French Method of preparing Engine Size—Zinc Soaps in Sizing—Colouring—Animal or Tub Sizing—Preparation of Animal Size—American Method of Sizing—Machine Sizing—Double-sized Paper—Mr. Wyatt's Remarks on Sizing | 114 |
| CHAPTER XII. | |
| MAKING PAPER BY HAND. | |
| The Vat and Mould—Making the Paper—Sizing and Finishing | 129 |
| CHAPTER XIII. | |
| MAKING PAPER BY MACHINERY. | |
| The Fourdrinier Machine—Bertrams' Large Paper Machine—Stuff Chests—Strainers—Revolving Strainer and Knotter— Self-cleansing Strainer—Roeckner's Pulp Strainers—The Machine Wire and its Accessories—Conical Pulp-Saver—The Dandy-Roll—Water-Marking—De la Rue's Improvements in Water-Marks—Suction Boxes—Couch Rolls—Press Rolls—Drying Cylinders—Smoothing Rolls—Single Cylinder Machines | 133 |
| CHAPTER XIV. | |
| CALENDERING, CUTTING, AND FINISHING. | |
| Web-Glazing—Glazing Calender Damping Rolls—Finishing—Plate Glazing—Donkin's Glazing Press—Mr. Wyatt on American Super-Calendering—Mr. Arnot on Finishing—Cutting—Revolving Knife Cutter—Bertrams' Single-sheet Cutter—Packing the finished Paper—Sizes of Paper | 154 |
| CHAPTER XV. | |
| COLOURED PAPERS. | |
| Coloured Papers—Colouring Matters used in Paper-making—American Combinations for Colouring—Mixing Colouring Materials with Pulp—Colouring Paper for Artificial Flowers—Stains for Glazed Papers—Stains for Morocco Papers—Stains for Satin Papers | 165 |
| CHAPTER XVI. | |
| MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. | |
| Waterproof Paper—Scoffern and Tidcombe's Process—Dr. Wright's Process for preparing Cupro-Ammonium—Jouglet's Process—Waterproof Composition for Paper—Toughening Paper—Morfit's Process—Transparent Paper—Tracing Paper—Varnished Paper—Oiled Paper—Lithographic Paper—Cork Paper—New Japanese Paper—Blotting Paper—Parchment Paper—Mill and Cardboard—Making Paper or Cardboard with two Faces by ordinary Machine—Test Papers | 174 |
| CHAPTER XVII. | |
| MACHINERY USED IN PAPER-MAKING. | |
| Bentley and Jackson's Drum-Washer—Drying Cylinders—Self-acting Dry Felt Regulator—Paper Cutting Machine—Single-web Winding Machine—Cooling and Damping Rolls—Reversing or Plate-glazing Calender—Plate-planing Machine—Roll-bar Planing Machine—Washing Cylinder for Rag Engine—Bleach Pump—Three-roll Smoothing Presses—Back-water Pump—Web-glazing Calender—Reeling Machine—Web-ripping Machine—Roeckner's Clarifier—Marshall's Perfecting Engine | 184 |
| CHAPTER XVIII. | |
| RECOVERY OF SODA FROM SPENT LIQUORS. | |
| Recovery of Soda—Evaporating Apparatus—Roeckner's Evaporator—Porion's Evaporator—Yaryan's Evaporator—American System of Soda Recovery | 204 |
| CHAPTER XIX. | |
| DETERMINING THE REAL VALUE OR PERCENTAGE OF COMMERCIAL SODAS, CHLORIDE OF LIME, ETC. | |
| Examination of Commercial Sodas—Mohr's Alkalimeter—Preparation of the Test Acid—Sampling Alkalies—The Assay—Estimation of Chlorine in Bleaching Powder—Fresenius' Method—Gay-Lussac's Method—The Test Liquor—Testing the Sample—Estimation of Alumina in Alum Cake, &c. | 221 |
| CHAPTER XX. | |
| USEFUL NOTES AND TABLES. | |
| Preparation of Lakes—Brazil-wood Lake—Cochineal Lake—Lac Lake—Madder Lake—Orange Lake—Yellow Lake—Artificial Ultramarine—Twaddell's Hydrometer—Imitation Manilla from Wood-pulp—Testing Ultramarines—Strength of Paper | 235 |
| Tables.—Dalton's Table showing the Proportion of Dry Soda in Leys of different Densities—Table of Strength of Caustic Soda Solutions at 59° F. = 150° C. (Tünnerman)—Table showing the Specific Gravity corresponding with the Degrees of Baumé's Hydrometer—Table of Boiling Points of Alkaline Leys—Table showing the Quantity of Caustic Soda in Leys of different Densities—Table showing the Quantity of Bleaching Liquid at 6° Twaddell (specific gravity 1·030) required to be added to Weaker Liquor to raise it to the given Strengths—Comparative French and English Thermometer Scales—Weights and Measures of the Metrical System—Table of French Weights and Measures | 241 |
| List of Works relating to Paper Manufacture | 246 |
THE ART
OF
PAPER-MAKING.
