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1 Clarke (1994) has done the most extensive and detailed study that confirms this.

2 See Brenner (2002, 2006) for an explication of overproduction and competition, and the centrality of economic-centred explanations for capitalist crisis. Also see Bello’s (2013) more recent analysis of the current global crisis, in which overproduction features prominently in his explanation. Also see Lapavitsas (2013), who explicates the notion of financialisation and financial overaccumulation by building on Marx and Hilferding.

3 Harvey (2014) highlights disparities in income and wealth as an important ‘moving contradiction’, and identifies endless compound growth and capital’s relation to nature as ‘dangerous contradictions’ in his mapping of the 17 contradictions of contemporary capitalism. Also see Piketty (2014) on the state of inequality.

4 In Marxist historiography this is a very contentious issue. Some claim the origins of capitalism lie in mercantile relations, others in agrarian capitalism, others in primitive accumulation and others maintain that capitalism has its origins strictly in industrial capitalism.

5 Sassen (2011) uses the term ‘savage sorting’, which refers to the spatial spread of systemic financialisation to zones of profit making, such as developing countries and cities.

6 China has eclipsed the US in terms of aggregate emissions, with its share of world carbon emissions estimated at twenty-six per cent while the US is at sixteen per cent.

7 According to The New York Times (12 November 2014), China plans to have its CO₂ emissions peak by 2030, while the US plans to cut emissions by twenty-six to twenty-eight per cent from 2005 levels by 2025, which would merely drop US emission output from a high of 6 billion metric tonnes to about 4.5 billion metric tonnes. However, even this is way less than what Obama pledged in the 2009 Copenhagen accord, which was more along the lines of 3.2 billion metric tonnes as a voluntary target, compared with 1.5 billion tonnes in the US–China agreement.

8 The planet has also experienced the hottest years on record over the past decade, with scientists confirming that 2014 was the hottest year in the history of climatology. See http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/17/science/earth/2014-was-hottest-year-on-record-surpassing-2010.html?emc=edit_th_20150117&nl=todaysheadlines&nlid=69791458&_r=0.

9 Cock J. ‘The political economy of food in South Africa’, Amandla Magazine 37/38, December 2014.

10 Hilary (2013: 121) suggests 400 million of the 525 million farms that are estimated to exist across the world are classified as small farms (i.e. under two hectares). These farms belong mainly to the global peasantry and provide most food staples required on the planet.

11 Wolin (2008) refers to this as ‘managed democracy’ and cautions that the American political system and its imperial aspirations are displaying a tendency towards ‘inverted totalitarianism’.

12 See Gill (2001) for an elaboration of this concept in relation to the neoliberalisation of the European Union.