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Causes of NUG are not fully understood – various microorganisms are involved, mainly anaerobic bacteria – the principle bacterium being Treponema denticola, which is capable of invading oral tissues [4].

NUG was common in the trenches during the First World War (hence the term trench mouth) and, although not contagious, tends to occur in communities where resistance is weak due to ill health or poor environmental conditions and nutrition.

Today, NUG is most commonly found in young adults between 18–25 years old, and often associated with students who have recently moved away from home and have started to look after themselves.

Predisposing factors include:

 Poor oral hygiene.

 Poor diet.

 Smoking.

 Immune system deficiency, such as HIV/AIDS.

 Stress/fatigue.