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At approximately week 4 in utero (Figure 1.5), the embryo begins to develop five facial processes (or projections), which eventually form the face, oral cavity, palate, and jaws by week 8 [3]:

 Frontonasal process – forms the forehead, nose, and philtrum (groove in upper lip).

 Maxillary process (two projections) – forms the middle face and upper lip.

 Mandibular process (two projections) – forms the mandible (lower jaw) and lower lip.

Figure 1.5 Facial development at 4 weeks in utero.

Source: From [3]. Reproduced with permission of Wiley‐Blackwell.