Читать книгу Blowgun Techniques - Amante P. Marinas Sr. - Страница 10

TRADITIONAL BLOWGUNS

The blowgun is essentially a long, hollow tube through which projectiles such as darts or pellets are shot. The projectiles are propelled by a blast of air from the user’s lungs. Blowguns are designed to deliver darts from a distance—silently. They have been used by many cultures either for hunting small game or for sporting.

Traditional blowguns were handcrafted and were constructed of materials native to the shooter.

INDONESIAN, MALAYSIAN AND PHILIPPINE BLOWGUNS

The traditional Philippine blowgun is called sumpit but was given the name zarbatana by the Spaniards. The word is a variant of cerbatana, a lance. The Indonesian blowgun is called sumpitan. In the village where I grew up we made sumpits, toy blowguns, from short straight sections of bamboo. Note that the Brazilian blowgun is called zarabatana ¹ indicating a common origin of the word.

Blowguns from Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines are usually made from bamboo. However, occasionally, one would find blowguns made from hardwood. Blowguns double as hand held-clubs or spears when darts run out.

Straight sections of bamboo are needed to make the blowguns. Bamboo, if crooked can be straightened by heating it over a fire. The bamboo is first sprayed with water to prevent it from charring. The crooked part of the bamboo is rotated over the fire to ensure that it becomes uniformly flexible. The bamboo then is pressed against a tree trunk to straighten the crooked part. The crooked part can also be pressed against the knee to straighten it. If the bamboo bends again, the process is repeated until it is straight. It is then allowed to dry.

The bamboo blowgun can be one-piece and is usually about 4 feet. It is this short because it is not easy to remove the barriers from longer pieces of bamboo. The barriers are removed by hammering on a small diameter piece of hardwood to the end of which is attached a small metal point. The barriers are smoothed using an arc-shaped sharp metal piece that is attached to the end of a long piece of hardwood.

It is easier to remove and smooth the inside of shorter sections of bamboo. It is also easier to find short sections of bamboo that are straight. Thus, two-piece or three-piece blowguns can be made from bamboo with couplings (also made from bamboo) used to connect the short sections.

The shafts for the darts are also made from bamboo. Short pieces of bamboo are cut between two nodes and then split into smaller thin pieces. The shafts are then rounded to the required diameter using knives or broken bottles. The shafts are between 6 to 10 inches long.

The shaft can also be made from the walis tingting (a broom) that is made from the spine of the leaves of a palm tree. The walis tinting was used to sweep leaves around our house in our yard in the village where I grew up.

The shafts are feathered with the yellowish cotton-like material taken from the pod of the kapok tree. The blunt end of the shaft is first rubbed with a sticky resin. The kapok sticks to the resin and is then wrapped around the shaft into the shape of the modern q-tip.² The sharp tip is fire-hardened.

CHEROKEE BLOWGUNS

The Cherokee blowgun is made from river cane a species of bamboo that is native to and grows well in the southeastern US. Indeed, where I live in Fredericksburg, Virginia, one will see river cane growing by the roadside.

The Cherokees make their blowguns from straight sections of river cane. Ideal lengths are 6-8 foot straight sections. River cane of the proper length can be straightened by heating any crooked portion over a fire. The river cane is then bent the opposite way and held in the position to prevent it from bending back. It is then sun-dried for several days. The Cherokee blowgun is made in two ways:

• Embers are dropped on the barriers to burn them. An arrow attached to a small stick further removes the barriers and smoothes the inside. To finish the blowgun, a smaller diameter river cane is inserted into the blowgun to rub the inside.

• The river cane is split down its length into halves to get at the barriers. The barriers are then scraped with a knife and then smoothed. The long sections are then glued together and lashed with sinew.

The shaft for the dart for use with the blowgun is made from any hardwood such as black locust. The dart is traditionally between 18-20 inches long and is feathered with thistle down. Thistle is best picked during August. Thistle down is wrapped around the shaft’s dull end then tied with sinew.

The Cherokee darts were never poisoned because they were used for hunting small game for food.

SOUTH AMERICAN BLOWGUNS

ECUADORIAN BLOWGUN –The Waoranis of Ecuador use the knot-free chonta tree to make blowguns that are at least 9¹⁄₈ feet long. They cut a sapling and split it down the middle to expose the soft core.

It takes several days for the Waorani to make the blowgun. He has first to remove the soft core and carefully carve the center into half cylinders. The two halves are then tied securely with vine. The inside of the blowgun is smoothed by repeatedly pouring sand into it. The final polish is done by rubbing the inside with a wooden rod and then running fine clay through the bore. The outside of the finished blowgun is elliptical. Thus shaped, it will fit across the mouth in much the same way as the mouthpiece of the .625 caliber blowgun (Figure 2-6, right) does.

The Waoranis as well as the Capahuaris of Ecuador fashion darts from the spine of the leaves of the maximiliana regia palm tree and fletches their darts with kapok. The darts are poisoned with curare for use on the woolly monkeys, toucans, and on the nocturnal currasow that they hunt for food.

PERUVIAN BLOWGUN–The best known Peruvian pucunas (blowgun) is made by the Yaqua tribe. The Yaquas use the blowguns for hunting monkeys, birds, and other small animals such as the sloth.

The pucuna is 6 to 7 feet long and is made from pucuna caspi (blowgun wood). The bore is chiseled out on two matching halves then tied together with a cord made from the chambira palm. The bore is rough-smoothed using a rod made from the pona palm with the final polish made by passing fine sand repeatedly through the bore.

The assembled blowgun is wrapped with the skin of the huambe vine. For a smooth feel, the skin is wrapped inside out and glued to the blowgun with resin from the copal plant. The wrapping is stained black.

The darts are made from the ribs of the maximiliana regia palm tree fletched with kapok and are carried in a basket-like quiver called the cargajo. The kapok is carried in a nut from which the inside was removed. The dart is dipped in poison the main component of which is curare. The composition of the poison is a well-guarded secret.

CHINESE BLOWGUNS

One of two blowguns used by ancient Chinese martial arts masters is called the mea hua needle. It is tiny being only 2 inches long and is made from goose feathers. It is believed that a woman first used it because the shaft of the dart is a 1½ inch sewing needle. The dart is feathered with flannel.

One other blowgun created during the Yuan Dynasty is called the blowing arrow. It is made from a short section of bamboo that is about 6 inches long. The blowgun shoots a 5-inch dart with a bamboo shaft that is tipped with a metal point.

In the Chinese martial arts, both blowguns are considered hidden weapons.

JAPANESE BLOWGUNS

The Japanese blowgun is called fukiya. The traditional dart is called fukidari and is 2 inches long.

The ninja book Mansenshukai written in the Edo era about 200 years ago shows a picture of a paper blowgun dart. The Japanese novelist Saikaku Ebara, in 1688, wrote that the blowgun was popular at the time.

The website of Dr. Hironori Higuchi showed a 254 cm blowgun said to weigh about 2 kg that was made 130 years ago. However, there is no mention of how the blowgun was made and what type of wood (or metal) was used to make it.

Strangely enough, though bamboo also grows in Japan, there was no mention of it being used to make blowguns.