Читать книгу Mathematical Techniques in Finance - Amir Sadr - Страница 16
1.1 FOLLOW THE MONEY
ОглавлениеUsing the reductive definition of finance as the study of money, we follow the money to get our bearings. In accounting, a balance sheet is a snapshot of an entity's (person, corporation, country) net worth or equity: assets minus liabilities equals equity. Table 1.1 shows a snapshot of the net worth of the three dominant players in the U.S. economy: households, firms, and government.
As the table shows, households hold the largest amount of equity, followed by firms, while the U.S. government runs a negative balance and is in debt. Indeed, the U.S. government is the world's biggest borrower and routinely borrows money to finance its expenditures. The breakdown of households' net worth is shown in Table 1.2.
Bonds, stocks, foreign exchange, commodities, and their derivatives are the major sectors of financial markets. Tables 1.3 through 1.5 show the market size as of year end 2020.
TABLE 1.1 Balance sheet of the United States at 2020 year end.
| Sector | Net Worth ($Trillions) |
|---|---|
| Households | 123.35 |
| Firms | 33.9 |
| Government | −26.8 |
| Total | 130.46 |
Source: U.S. Federal Reserve Z.1 Statistical Release.
TABLE 1.2 Households sector balance sheet as of 2020 year end.
| Category | $Trillions | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Real estate | 32.8 | 24% |
| Consumer durable goods | 6.1 | 4% |
| Checking, savings, money market accounts | 15.2 | 11% |
| Debt securities, bonds | 5.1 | 4% |
| Equities, mutual funds, investments | 79 | 57% |
| Misc | 1.3 | 1% |
| Total assets | 139.6 | 100% |
| Home mortgage loans | 10.9 | 67% |
| Credit card, auto loans | 4.2 | 26% |
| Other loans | 1.1 | 7% |
| Total liabilities | 16.2 | 100% |
| Net worth | 123.35 |
TABLE 1.3 Market size ($Trillions).
| U.S. | World | |
|---|---|---|
| Bonds | 50.1 | 123.5 |
| Stocks | 40.7 | 93.6 |
| Derivatives | 15.8 | |
| Foreign Exchange | 6.6/day |
Sources: World Bank, BIS, SIFMA.
TABLE 1.4 U.S. bond market ($Trillions).
| Type | Outstanding debt | |
|---|---|---|
| Treasury | 21.0 | 42% |
| Mortgage‐related | 11.2 | 22% |
| Corporate debt | 9.8 | 8% |
| Municipal | 4 | 8% |
| Federal agency securities | 1.7 | 3% |
| Asset‐backed | 1.5 | 3% |
| Money markets | 1 | 2% |
| Total | 50.1 |
Source: SIFMA.
TABLE 1.5 Global derivatives market size ($Trillions).
| Market | Gross market value |
|---|---|
| Interest rate contracts | 11.4 |
| Foreign exchange contracts | 3.2 |
| Equity‐linked contracts | 0.8 |
Source: BIS.
