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Many weed species possess methods of both short‐ and long‐distance seed dispersal (Figure 1.2). By recognising these, it is possible to reduce the spread of weed seeds, a vital component of any integrated weed management strategy.

Table 1.9 Seed production by a number of common arable weeds and wheat.

Source: Adapted from Radosevich, S.R. and Holt, J.S. (1984) Weed Ecology: Implications for Vegetation Management. New York: Wiley; containing information from Hanf (1983).

Weed	Common name	Seed production per plant
Veronica persica	Common field speedwell	50–100
Avena fatua	Wild oat	100–450
Galium aparine	Cleavers	300–400
Senecio vulgaris	Groundsel	1100–1200
Capsella bursa‐pastoris	Shepherd’s purse	3500–4000
Cirsium arvense	Creeping thistle	4000–5000
Taraxacum officinale	Dandelion	5000 (200 per head)
Portulaca oleracea	Purslane	10,000
Stellaria media	Chickweed	15,000
Papaver rhoeas	Poppy	14,000–19,500
Tripleurospermum maritimum spp. inodorum	Scentless mayweed	15,000–19,000
Echinochloa crus‐galli	Barnyard grass	2000–40,000
Chamaenerion angustifolium	Rosebay willowherb	80,000
Eleusine indica	Goose grass	50,000–135,000
Digitaria sanguinalis	Large crabgrass	2000–150,000
Chenopodium album	Fat hen	13,000–500,000
Triticum aestivum	Wheat	90–100

Figure 1.2 Some methods of weed seed dispersal with their estimated range in metres.

Source: Liebman, M., Mohler, C.L. and Staver, C.P. (2001) Ecological Management of Agricultural Weeds. Cambridge University Press. Reproduced with permission of Cambridge University Press.