Читать книгу Scientific analysis of the biblical Epistles of the Apostles. Scientific line-by-line explanation of the Bible - Andrey Tikhomirov - Страница 4

Chapter 1

1 Simon Peter, a servant and Apostle of Jesus Christ, who accepted with us the equally precious faith in the truth of our God and Savior Jesus Christ: (Simon is a Hebrew name, and Peter is a Greek, double name, the first for Jews, the second for everyone else).

2 May grace and peace be multiplied to you in the knowledge of God and of Christ Jesus our Lord. (The statement of the two: God the father and God the son).

3 As from his divine power we have been granted everything we need for life and piety, through the knowledge of him who called us with glory and goodness (Everything, they say, is from God and his son).

4 By which great and precious promises have been given to us, so that through them you may become partakers of the Divine nature, having removed yourself from the corruption that prevails in the world by lust: (Everything, they say, is from God and his son).

5 then you, applying all diligence to this, show virtue in your faith, prudence in virtue, (Everything, they say, is from God and his son).

6 abstinence is in prudence, patience is in abstinence, piety is in patience, (Everything, they say, is from God and his son).

7 in piety there is brotherly love, in brotherly love there is love. (Everything, they say, is from God and his son).

8 If this is in you and multiplies, then you will not remain without success and fruit in the knowledge of our Lord Jesus Christ. (Everything, they say, is from God and his son).

9 But he who has none of this is blind, has closed his eyes, and has forgotten about the cleansing of his former sins. (Analogies and comparisons. Condemnation of sins, however, everything, they say, is from God and his son).

10 Therefore, brethren, strive more and more to make your rank and election firm; by doing so, you will never stumble (Setting the moral and ethical norms of the new religion).

11 For in this way a free entrance will be opened to you into the eternal kingdom of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. (Talion’s rule).

12 For this reason I will never cease to remind you of these things, even though you know this and are confirmed in the present truth. (Setting the moral and ethical norms of the new religion).

13 But I consider it just, as long as I am in this [bodily] temple, to excite you with a reminder (Constant reminders).

14 Knowing that I must soon leave my temple, just as our Lord Jesus Christ revealed to me. (Jesus Christ inspired his attitudes to many people, including Peter).

15 But I will try to make sure that even after my departure you always bring this to mind. (Constant reminders).

16 For we have announced to you the power and the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, not by following elaborate fables, but by being eyewitnesses of his greatness. (Jesus Christ inspired his attitudes to many people, including Peter).

17 For he received honor and glory from God the Father, when such a voice was brought to him from the great glory: This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased. (Yahweh «begat» the son of Jesus Christ).

18 And this voice, which came from heaven, we heard while we were with him on the holy mountain. (This voice was «created» by interested persons: the angels-priests of Zoroastrianism from Parthia).

19 Moreover, we have the most faithful prophetic word; and you do well to turn to it as to a lamp shining in a dark place until the day begins to dawn and the morning star rises in your hearts (the prophets also «prophesied» about Christ, analogies and comparisons).

20 knowing first of all that no prophecy in Scripture can be resolved by itself. («No prophecy in Scripture can be resolved by itself», «correct» interpreters of the ancient Jewish scriptures are needed).

21 For the prophecy was never uttered according to the will of man, but the holy men of God uttered it, being moved by the Holy Spirit. (The «people of God» who «uttered» prophecies were under the influence of hypnosis, in ancient times it was called «being moved by the Holy Spirit»).

Chapter 2

1 There have also been false prophets among the people, just as there will be false teachers among you, who will introduce pernicious heresies and, rejecting the Lord who redeemed them, will bring upon themselves speedy destruction. («False prophets», «false teachers» are those «people of God» who conducted «wrong» propaganda – heresy that does not meet the requirements of behind—the-scenes manipulators, «rejecting the Lord who redeemed them», therefore they must be «destroyed»).

2 And many will follow their debauchery, and through them the way of truth will be reproached. (However, from a religious point of view, everything in the world happens according to the will of God, including «false prophets», «false teachers», antichrists – competing currents in the emerging Christianity that discredited each other in every possible way, among them were those trends that rejected faith in Christ, for example, supporters of John the Baptist Many New Testament scholars believe that John was associated with the Qumranite community located in the Judean Desert area, and his teaching was a kind of their teaching. The Qumran manuscripts are manuscripts discovered in caves in the Wadi Qumran area of the Dead Sea in modern Jordan. The first finds date back to 1947. The found fragments of manuscripts are written mainly in Hebrew and Aramaic. The manuscripts belonged to a religious group that did not recognize Orthodox Judaism, and lived in the area in the 2nd century BC – 1st century AD Manuscripts. It can be divided into 3 groups: the texts of the Old Testament in Hebrew, as well as translated into Koine and Aramaic; the Old Testament apocrypha; the writings of the Qumranites themselves. The Qumran manuscripts contain different versions of the Old Testament books, including those that do not coincide with the canonical (Masoretic) text. Many texts are identical to those that served as the original for the Septuagint, the Koine translation of the Bible into Greek. Fragments of Ben-Sira, the Book of Tobit, fragments of the Book of Enoch in Hebrew and Aramaic were found from the Old Testament apocrypha (before that, only fragments into Greek and translations into Old Slavonic and Ethiopian languages were known), «testaments» of individual patriarchs, etc. The works of the Qumranites themselves include the Charter of the community, the Scroll of War, the Scroll of Hymns, comments on prophecies, and a number of others. The Charter deals with the goals of the community, the order of admission of members, their duties. The idea of the struggle of the kingdom of light and righteousness with the kingdom of darkness and evil is carried out. The Scroll of War depicts the last battle between them. The commentaries decipher the prophecies, which, according to the Qumranites, are contained in the Bible, about the fate of their community. The commentary to Habakkuk mentions the founder of the community, the «teacher of righteousness», who was persecuted by an «unholy priest». Some researchers tend to see the «teacher of righteousness» as a prototype of Jesus Christ, as well as other leaders of the community. The Qumranites professed Judaism, but did not recognize the authority of the high priests, they called their community the New Union (meaning union with God), and themselves – «sons of light», Ebionites – «beggars», «simpletons». They believed that the decisive battle of the «sons of light» with the «sons of darkness» would come – and evil would be defeated. In anticipation of this, the Qumranites lived in a closed community. They introduced the community of property, joint work, condemned slavery. To get into the community, you had to go through trials. Strict discipline was maintained within the community: priests were at the head: the «younger» members (who had not yet passed all the tests) obeyed the «elders». The Qumranites were part of the Essen movement. Essenes, Essenes, Essenes – a Jewish sect, information about which has been preserved by the writers of the 1st century A.D. Josephus, Pliny the Elder, Philo of Alexandria. The Essenes formed communities in which, as a rule, there was no private property, slavery was condemned, physical labor was mandatory, and trade was prohibited in a number of communities. Pliny the Elder wrote that the Essenes lived in seclusion, there were no women among them, they rejected carnal love, did not know money («Natural History», V. 17, 73). The communities of Essen were closed in nature, it was difficult to get into them. The Essenes took an active part in the anti-Roman uprising in Judea in 66—73, for which, according to Josephus, the Romans subjected the captured Essenes to cruel tortures («The Jewish War», II, 8, 2—13). Leo Taxil in The Funny Bible (p. 404) states that the Essenes, or Essenes, who lived in a commune, professed tolerance. They adopted various Persian beliefs. Most modern scientists consider members of the Qumran community (Qumranites) to be Essenes. The Qumranite community was destroyed during the uprising against the Romans. Their ideology had a certain influence on the formation of early Christianity. In the II century BC – II centuries AD, there were also religious and political sects of the Pharisees and Sadducees in Judea. The Pharisees (other-Heb. Perushim – separated) were an ancient Jewish sect that united representatives of the middle strata. The Pharisees insisted on strict observance of the precepts of Judaism, preached the doctrine of the afterlife, took hostile positions against Hellenistic culture, and were distinguished by ostentatious piety. The sect laid the foundations of the Talmud and the synagogue. Ambrogio Donini in the book «At the Origins of Christianity», p. 40, writes: «But the most ancient Christian communities of Palestine, – we should not forget this, – known as Ebionites („poor“), did not differ from them (Pharisees – Tikhomirs). They observed full rest on Saturdays, the day dedicated to Yahweh, and performed the main Jewish solemn rites in an order that was already different from Jerusalem and was approaching the Christian calendar with its compromise between the lunar and solar cycles. They preferred to call themselves the „sons of Zadok,“ after the great Biblical priest, with whom the Sadducees are also associated.» Sadducees (on behalf of Zadok, the founder of the dynasty of the high priests of the Jerusalem temple. The Prophet Ezekiel came from a noble priestly family of the Sadokids, from a family that lived in Jerusalem itself, and, apparently, was on the staff of the Jerusalem temple. Perhaps Ezekiel himself performed priestly duties for some time. In any case, as can be seen from his prophecies, he was well aware of the temple orders, the topography of the temple and what was happening in its most intimate rooms, and tried to justify the monopoly right of the Sadokids to perform the main priestly duties at the temple, the right that the Sadokids appropriated to themselves after the reform of Josiah) – an ancient Jewish sect consisting of a priestly the aristocracy. The Sadducees defended the positions of the slave-owning elite, with whom their interests were connected. They recognized the Torah and denied the oral tradition – the Talmud. Jesus Christ was connected not only with the «beggars, the poor» – the Ebionites, and hence with the Essenes, but he was also a Nazarene-Nazarene. The Nazarene, man or woman, was not to drink wine and other intoxicating drinks, not to cut his hair, not to enter any house in which there was a dead body. Some Nazarenes were dedicated to God by their parents for life. Jesus was also associated with the Parthian Persians, acting under the name of «angels», who wore shiny clothes and wings on their backs – the Persian Faravahar. That is why there are many things in the activity of Jesus that contradicted the canons of the Essenes (Ebionites), the Nazarenes, the Jews, and the Parthian-Persian Zoroastrianism. In addition, the real father of Jesus was a Greek of Syrian origin, who escaped from the Roman army, a Panther. In the person of Jesus Christ, there was a kind of protest in a generalized sense, where many of the beliefs and worldviews of that time acted together against the despotism of the corrupt Jerusalem hierocracy and their Roman masters).

3 And out of covetousness they will catch you with flattering words; their judgment has long been ready, and their destruction does not slumber. (The «wrong» prophets and teachers will soon perish).

4 For if God did not spare the angels who had sinned, but, having bound them with the bonds of hellish darkness, he delivered them up to be judged for punishment; (And the angels behaved «wrongly», here is God, who «created» the world!).

5 and if he did not spare the first world, but in eight souls he preserved the family of Noah, the preacher of righteousness, when he brought the flood upon the world of the wicked; (References to the Old Testament history).

6 and if the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, having condemned to destruction, turned into ashes, showing an example to future wicked people, (References to the Old Testament history).

7 But he delivered the righteous Lot, weary of the conversion between violently depraved people (References to the Old Testament history).

8 (for this righteous man, living among them, was tormented daily in a righteous soul, seeing and hearing lawless deeds) – (References to the Old Testament history).

9 Then, of course, the Lord knows how to deliver the pious from temptation, and to keep the lawless for the day of judgment, for punishment, (Lord God, from a religious point of view, knows everything, including the future. And if he doesn’t know, then it’s not God, but manipulative priests!).

10 and especially those who follow the filthy lusts of the flesh, despise the authorities, are bold, self-willed and are not afraid to slander the higher ones (God will punish everyone, but everything in the world is done according to the will of the same god).

11 Whereas the angels, surpassing them in strength and strength, do not pronounce reproachful judgment on them before the LORD. (Condemnation of the wicked, sinners, it is claimed that the angels, who surpass the wicked in strength and strength, «do not pronounce reproachful judgment on them before the Lord»).

12 They are like dumb animals led by nature, born to catch and destroy, slandering what they do not understand, they will be destroyed in their corruption. (Analogies and comparisons).

13 They will receive the wages of iniquity, for they take pleasure in daily luxury; shamefacers and defilers, they enjoy their deceptions, feasting with you. (Condemnation of the wicked, sinners).

14 Their eyes are filled with lust and unceasing sin; they seduce unapproved souls; their heart is accustomed to covetousness: these are the sons of damnation. (Son – in Semitic languages, this word may have the meaning: «heir, descendant» (Mt 1:1), «follower» (Mt 12:27). In addition, the word «son» is found in many phraseological phrases: for example, the son of gehenna (Mt 23:15), the son of the devil (Acts 13:10), the son of the curse).

15 Forsaking the straight path, they lost their way, following in the footsteps of Balaam, the son of Vosor, who loved the wages of unrighteousness (The condemnation of Balaam, from the Old Testament history).

16 but he was convicted of his iniquity: a dumb ass, speaking with a human voice, stopped the madness of the prophet. (The donkey is a totemic animal, but the priest actually spoke).

17 These are waterless springs, clouds and mists driven by a storm: the darkness of eternal darkness is prepared for them. (Analogies with natural phenomena).

18 For when they utter puffed-up nonsense, they catch in the carnal lusts and debauchery of those who have barely lagged behind those who are in error. (Condemnation of the wicked, sinners).

19 They promise them freedom, being themselves slaves of corruption; for whoever is defeated by whom is a slave to him. (Condemnation of the wicked, sinners).

20 For if, having escaped the defilements of the world through the knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, they are again entangled in them and overcome by them, then the latter is worse for them than the first. (Condemnation of the wicked, sinners).

21 It would be better for them not to know the way of righteousness, rather than, having known, to return back from the holy commandment committed to them. (Condemnation of the wicked, sinners).

22 But it happens to them according to the true proverb: the dog returns to his vomit, and: the washed pig [goes] to wallow in the mud. (Analogies with dogs and pigs).

Chapter 3

1 This is the second epistle I am writing to you, beloved; in them I excite your pure meaning with a reminder, (Mention of the 2nd epistle).

2 That you may remember the words spoken before by the holy prophets, and the commandment of the Lord and Savior, given by your apostles. (Establishing the need to remember the speeches of the prophets, the commandment «of the Lord and Savior, betrayed by your Apostles»).

3 First of all, know that in the last days, brazen scoffers will appear, acting according to their own lusts (Mention of the «last days»).

4 And they say, Where is the promise of his coming? For since the fathers began to die, from the beginning of creation, everything remains the same. (Nothing in the world is changing, «brazen scolders who act according to their own lusts» claim. Fear of criticism).

5 Those who think this way do not know that in the beginning, by the word of God, the heavens and the earth are made up of water and water: (God created the heavens and the earth with his word, which are «made up of water and water»).

6 Therefore the world of that time perished, being drowned by water. (God has destroyed the world with water).

7 But the present heavens and the earth, which are contained by the same Word, are being preserved by fire for the day of judgment and destruction of wicked men. (The present heaven and earth, which are «contained by the same Word,» are being preserved for the judgment of the wicked.)

8 One thing should not be hidden from you, beloved, that the Lord has one day as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day. (With God, everything is possible).

9 The LORD does not delay in fulfilling the promise, as some consider it to be a delay; but he is patient with us, not wanting anyone to perish, but for everyone to come to repentance. (Repentance is beneficial to the priesthood, since there is a suggestion of guilt).

10 But the day of the LORD will come like a thief in the night, and then the heavens will pass away with a noise, and the elements, having flared up, will be destroyed, the earth and all the works on it will burn up. (Tat (slav.) – a thief. Elements (Greek) – in Greek philosophy – the primary elements (usually earth, water, fire and air), which make up the material world).

11 If all this is destroyed in this way, then what should you be in holy life and piety, (the conversion of all kinds of troubles).

12 who are waiting and wishing for the coming of the day of God, in which the inflamed heavens will collapse and the inflamed elements will melt? (The conversion of all kinds of troubles on the day of the «coming of God»).

13 Nevertheless, according to his promise, we are waiting for a new heaven and a new earth, in which righteousness dwells. (Believers hope for a new heaven and a new earth, «where the truth dwells»).

14 Therefore, beloved, while waiting for this, strive to appear before him undefiled and blameless in the world; (Waiting for the «judgment of God»).

15 And consider the long-suffering of our Lord as salvation, just as our beloved brother Paul, according to the wisdom given to him, wrote to you (Mentioning the Apostle Paul).

16 as he says about this in all the epistles, in which there is something incomprehensible, which the ignorant and the unapproved, to their own destruction, turn, like other Scriptures. (Christians should refute unjust accusations of disobedience to the authorities with their immaculate lives).

17 Therefore, beloved, having been forewarned of this, take care that you do not get carried away by the error of the wrongdoers and fall away from your statement (It is necessary to fight against the «error of the wrongdoers»).

18 But grow in the grace and knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. Glory to Him both now and in the eternal Day. Amen. (The second epistle consists of 3 chapters. The author of this epistle calls himself Simon Peter, but many scholars doubt that it was really written by the Apostle Peter, and date it to the end of the I – beginning of the II century A.D. The style and ideas of this epistle are very different from the first, it was quite late adopted by the church. The Apostle warns believers against false teachers who, in their arrogance, will deny Jesus who redeemed them and his second coming. Christians should refute unjust accusations of disobedience to the authorities with their immaculate lives, they should meet the coming of the Lord with dignity. The whole message is imbued with hope for the imminent return of the «Redeemer» and the expectation of a new universe according to his word, that is, suggestion).