Читать книгу Locomotive Engine Running and Management - Angus Sinclair - Страница 2
Table of Contents
ОглавлениеCHAPTER I. ENGINEERS AND THEIR DUTIES.
ATTRIBUTES THAT MAKE A GOOD ENGINEER.
HOW ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL ARE ACQUIRED.
PUBLIC INTEREST IN LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERS.
ILLITERATE ENGINEERS NOT WANTED IN AMERICA.
GROWING IMPORTANCE OF ENGINEERS’ DUTIES.
INDIVIDUALITY OF AMERICAN ENGINEERS.
NECESSITY FOR CLASS IMPROVEMENT.
THE SKILL OF ENGINEERS INFLUENCES OPERATING EXPENSES.
PREJUDICE AGAINST STUDYING BOOKS.
THE KIND OF KNOWLEDGE GAINED FROM BOOKS.
CHAPTER II. HOW LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERS ARE MADE.
RELIABLE MEN NEEDED TO RUN LOCOMOTIVES.
EARLY METHODS OF MAKING LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERS.
PRACTICE OF RAISING ENGINEERS FROM MACHINISTS AND TECHNICAL-SCHOOL GRADUATES NOT FOUND SATISFACTORY.
EXPERIENCE DEMONSTRATED THAT FIREMEN MADE THE BEST ENGINEERS.
DIFFICULTIES OF RUNNING LOCOMOTIVES AT NIGHT, AND DURING BAD WEATHER.
KIND OF MEN TO BE CHOSEN AS FIREMEN.
MODERN METHODS OF SELECTING FIREMEN.
POPULAR MISCONCEPTION OF A FIREMAN’S DUTIES.
A GOOD FIREMAN MAKES A GOOD ENGINEER.
LEARNING AN ENGINEER’S DUTIES.
CONDITIONS OF ENGINE RUNNING THAT VANQUISH THE INEXPERIENCED MAN.
LEARNING TO KEEP THE LOCOMOTIVE IN RUNNING-ORDER.
METHODS OF PROMOTION ON OUR LEADING ROADS.
NATURE OF EXAMINATION TO BE PASSED.
MASTER MECHANICS ON THE BEST METHOD OF EDUCATING YOUNG MEN FOR ENGINEERS.
CHAPTER III. INSPECTION OF THE LOCOMOTIVE.
GOOD ENGINEERS INSPECT THEIR OWN ENGINES.
WHAT COMES OF NEGLECTING SYSTEMATIC INSPECTION OF LOCOMOTIVES.
CONFIDENCE ON THE ROAD DERIVED FROM INSPECTION.
REWARD OF THOROUGH INSPECTION.
CHAPTER IV. GETTING READY FOR THE ROAD.
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST SCORCHING BOILERS.
REACHING HIS ENGINE IN GOOD SEASON.
QUANTITY OF OIL THAT DIFFERENT BEARINGS NEED.
CHAPTER V. RUNNING A FAST FREIGHT TRAIN.
WORKING THE STEAM EXPANSIVELY.
ADVANTAGE OF CUTTING OFF SHORT.
BOILER PRESSURE BEST FOR ECONOMICAL WORKING.
CONDITIONS THAT DEMAND GOOD FIRING.
SCIENTIFIC METHODS OF GOOD FIREMEN.
WHO IS TO BLAME FOR BAD FIRING?
CHAPTER VI. GETTING UP THE HILL.
SPECIAL SKILL AND ATTENTION REQUIRED TO GET A TRAIN UP A STEEP GRADE.
FALL OF BOILER-TEMPERATURE NOT INDICATED BY THE STEAM-GAUGE.
SOME EFFECTS OF INJUDICIOUS BOILER-FEEDING.
CAREFUL FEEDING AND FIRING PRESERVE BOILERS.
LOSS OF HEAT THROUGH EXCESS OF AIR.
LOSS OF HEAT FROM BAD DAMPERS.
CHAPTER VII. FINISHING THE TRIP.
PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED IN APPROACHING AND PASSING STATIONS.
THE BEST RULES MUST BE SUPPLEMENTED BY GOOD JUDGMENT.
OPERATING SINGLE TRACKS SAFELY.
CAUSES OF ANXIETY TO ENGINEERS.
CHAPTER VIII. RUNNING A FAST PASSENGER TRAIN.
SPEED BETWEEN JERSEY CITY AND PHILADELPHIA.
REQUISITES OF A HIGH-SPEED LOCOMOTIVE.
GETTING THE TRAIN OVER THE ROAD.
HOW THE ENGINEER DID HIS WORK.
QUALIFICATIONS THAT MAKE A SUCCESSFUL ENGINEER.
CHAPTER IX. HARD-STEAMING ENGINES.
IMPORTANCE OF LOCOMOTIVES STEAMING FREELY.
ESSENTIALS FOR GOOD-STEAMING ENGINES.
CAUSES DETRIMENTAL TO MAKING STEAM.
SILICIOUS DEPOSIT ON FLUE-SHEET.
PREVENTING ACCUMULATION OF MUD IN BOILERS.
TEMPORARY CURES FOR LEAKY FLUES.
GOOD MANAGEMENT MAKES ENGINES STEAM.
BADLY PROPORTIONED SMOKE-STACKS.
CHAPTER X. SHORTNESS OF WATER.—PUMP DISORDERS.
TROUBLE DEVELOPS NATURAL ENERGY.
SHORTNESS OF WATER A SERIOUS PREDICAMENT.
HOW TO DEAL WITH SHORTNESS OF WATER.
WHAT TO DO WHEN THE TENDER IS FOUND EMPTY BETWEEN STATIONS.
HOW THE CONDITION OF PUMPS CAN BE TESTED.
KEEP PIPES TIGHT, AND PACKING IN ORDER.
DELIVERY ORIFICE CHOKED WITH LIME SEDIMENT.
TRYING TO FIND OUT HOW THE INJECTOR WORKED.
THE PRINCIPLE OF THE INJECTOR’S ACTION.
A HEATER-PIPE ACTING AS AN INJECTOR.
SKILL AND REFLECTION NEEDED IN REPAIRING INJECTORS.
THE MOST COMMON CAUSES OF DERANGEMENT.
HOW TO KEEP AN INJECTOR IN GOOD ORDER.
CURIOUS CASES OF TROUBLE WITH AN INJECTOR.
THE NATHAN MANUFACTURING COMPANY’S MONITOR INJECTOR.
CHAPTER XII. BOILERS AND FIRE-BOXES.
CHAPTER XIII. ACCIDENTS TO THE VALVE-MOTION.
THE ATTENTIVE EAR DETECTS DETERIORATION OF VALVES.
LOCATING THE FOUR EXHAUST SOUNDS.
IDENTIFYING DEFECTS BY SOUND OF THE STEAM.
HOW AN ECCENTRIC-STRAP PUNCHED A HOLE IN A FIRE-BOX.
INTEREST IN THE VALVE-MOTION AMONG ENGINEERS.
TROUBLE WITH THE VALVE-MOTION.
LOCATING DEFECTS OF THE VALVE-MOTION.
METHOD OF SETTING SLIPPED ECCENTRICS.
DETECTING THE CAUSE OF A LAME EXHAUST.
WHAT TO DO WHEN ECCENTRICS, STRAPS, OR RODS BREAK.
DIFFERENT WAYS OF SECURING THE CROSS-HEAD.
BROKEN VALVE-STEM, OR VALVE-YOKE.
WHEN A ROCKER-SHAFT OR LOWER ROCKER-ARM BREAKS.
MISCELLANEOUS ACCIDENTS TO VALVE-MOTION.
CHAPTER XIV. ACCIDENTS TO CYLINDERS AND STEAM CONNECTIONS.
IMPORTANCE OF THE PISTON IN THE TRAIN OF MECHANISM.
CAUSES THAT LEAD TO BROKEN CYLINDER-HEADS.
BROKEN CYLINDER-HEADS OFTEN PREVENTABLE.
OILING THE VALVES WHEN THE THROTTLE IS DISCONNECTED.
WHAT CAUSES A DISCONNECTED THROTTLE.
POUNDING OF THE WORKING-PARTS.
CHAPTER XV. OFF THE TRACK.—ACCIDENTS TO RUNNING-GEAR.
DEALING WITH SUDDEN EMERGENCIES.
STOPPING A FREIGHT TRAIN IN CASE OF DANGER.
GETTING THE ENGINE ON THE TRACK.
UNDERSTANDING THE RUNNING-GEAR.
BROKEN DRIVING AXLES, WHEELS, AND TIRES.
CHAPTER XVI. CONNECTING-RODS, SIDE RODS, AND WEDGES.
STRIKING POINTS AND CLEARANCE.
DIFFICULTY IN LOCATING DEFECTS.
POUNDING IN DRIVING-BOXES AND WEDGES.
IMPORTANCE OF HAVING WEDGES PROPERLY FITTED.
INFLUENCE OF HALF-ROUND BRASSES.
POSITION OF BOXES WHILE SETTING UP WEDGES.
NECESSITY FOR KEEPING BOXES AND WEDGES CLEAN.
TEMPERATURE OF THE BOX TO BE CONSIDERED.
SMALL DISORDERS THAT CAUSE ROUGH RIDING.
CHAPTER XVII. THE VALVE-MOTION.
INVENTION AND APPLICATION OF THE SLIDE-VALVE.
DESCRIPTION OF THE SLIDE-VALVE.
THE EXTENT OF LAP USUALLY ADOPTED.
ADVANTAGES OF THE ALLEN VALVE.
CASE WHERE THE ALLEN VALVE PROVED ITS VALUE.
OPERATION OF THE STEAM IN THE CYLINDERS.
BACK PRESSURE IN THE CYLINDERS.
EFFECT OF TOO MUCH INSIDE LAP.
EARLY APPLICATION OF THE ECCENTRIC.
RELATIVE MOTION OF PISTON AND CRANK, SLIDE-VALVE, AND ECCENTRICS.
ATTEMPTS TO ABOLISH THE CRANK.
EFFECT OF LAP ON THE ECCENTRIC’S POSITION.
ANGULAR ADVANCE OF ECCENTRICS.
EFFECT ON THE VALVE-MOTION OF CONNECTING-ROD ANGULARITY.
AIDS TO THE STUDY OF VALVE-MOTION.
WHAT HAPPENS INSIDE THE CYLINDERS WHEN AN ENGINE IS REVERSED.
EVENTS OF THE STROKE IN REVERSED MOTION.
PURPOSE OF RELIEF-VALVE ON DRY PIPE.
USING REVERSE-MOTION AS A BRAKE.
CHAPTER XVIII. THE SHIFTING LINK.
CONSTRUCTION OF THE SHIFTING LINK.
VALVE-MOTION OF A FAST PASSENGER LOCOMOTIVE.
EFFECT OF CHANGING VALVE-TRAVEL.
WEAK POINTS OF THE LINK-MOTION.
WHY DECREASING THE VALVE-TRAVEL INCREASES THE PERIOD OF EXPANSION.
INFLUENCE OF ECCENTRIC THROW ON THE VALVE.
CHAPTER XIX. SETTING THE VALVES.
THE MEN WHO LEARN VALVE-SETTING.
BEST WAY TO LEARN VALVE-SETTING.
CONNECTING ECCENTRIC-RODS TO LINK.
ACCURACY ESSENTIAL IN LOCATING THE DEAD CENTER POINTS.
TURNING WHEELS AND MOVING ECCENTRICS.
ASCERTAINING THE POINT OF CUT-OFF.
CHAPTER XX. By J.G.A. Meyer. LAYING OUT LINK-MOTION.
CHAPTER XXI. THE STEVENS VALVE-GEAR.
VALVE-STEMS AND STUFFING-BOXES.
HOW MOVEMENT OF VALVE IS GOVERNED.
HOW EXHAUST LEAD IS CONTROLLED.
CHAPTER XXII. THE JOY VALVE-GEAR.
HOW TO APPLY THIS GEAR TO AMERICAN LOCOMOTIVES.
HOW LAP AND LEAD ARE REGULATED.
ADVANTAGES CLAIMED FOR THE MOTION.
RULES FOR LAYING DOWN THE CENTER LINES OF THE MOTION.
CHAPTER XXIII. THE STEAM ENGINE INDICATOR.
DATA NECESSARY FOR ANALYZING THE DIAGRAM.
ADVANTAGES OF INDICATING LOCOMOTIVES.
CHAPTER XXIV. THE WESTINGHOUSE AIR-BRAKE.
INVENTION OF THE WESTINGHOUSE ATMOSPHERIC BRAKE.
DISTINCT CLASSES OF INVENTIONS.
BENEFITS CONFERRED ON TRAIN MEN BY GOOD BRAKES.
FIRST TRIALS OF THE WESTINGHOUSE ATMOSPHERIC BRAKE.
FIRST ROADS THAT ADOPTED THE WESTINGHOUSE BRAKE.
OUTLINES OF THE ATMOSPHERIC BRAKE.
HOW EASTERN RAILROADS KEPT ALOOF FROM THE WESTINGHOUSE BRAKE.
LESSON OF THE REVERE RAILROAD ACCIDENT.
WEAK POINTS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC BRAKE.
THE WESTINGHOUSE AUTOMATIC AIR-BRAKE.
LIFE-SAVING VALUE OF THE AUTOMATIC BRAKE.
FIRST RAILROADS THAT ADOPTED THE WESTINGHOUSE AUTOMATIC AIR-BRAKE.
ESSENTIAL PARTS OF THE WESTINGHOUSE AUTOMATIC AIR-BRAKE.
PUNY DIFFICULTIES VANQUISH THE IGNORANT ENGINEER.
CAUSES THAT MAKE BRAKES INOPERATIVE OFTEN EASILY REMEDIED.
HOW STEAM PASSAGES GET CHOKED.
SAGACITY NEEDED IN REPAIRING AIR-PUMPS.
GRADUAL DEGENERATION OF THE AIR-PUMP.
CAUSES THAT MAKE A PUMP POUND.
TO PREVENT CREEPING ON OF BRAKES.
HOW TO APPLY AND RELEASE THE BRAKE.
CHAPTER XXV. THE EAMES VACUUM BRAKE.
CHAPTER XXVI. POWER OF LOCOMOTIVES AND TRAIN RESISTANCES.
CALCULATING POWER OF LOCOMOTIVES.
PROPORTION OF ADHESION TO TRACTION.
FORMULAS OF TRAIN RESISTANCES.
EXPERIMENTS OF TRAIN RESISTANCES ON THE ERIE RAILWAY.
CONDITIONS THAT INCREASE TRAIN RESISTANCES.
WORK DONE BY A LOCOMOTIVE PULLING A TRAIN.
RECORD OF FAST EXPRESS TRAIN MADE BY PROFESSOR P.H. DUDLEY’S DYNAGRAPH CAR.
CHAPTER XXVII. WATER FOR LOCOMOTIVE BOILERS.
HOW WATER GETS MIXED WITH LIME.
EXPENSE ENTAILED BY USING BAD WATER.
EFFORTS OF MASTER MECHANICS TO SECURE GOOD WATER.
LOSS OF FAITH IN PURIFYING METHODS.
TO ASCERTAIN THE QUALITY OF WATER.
APPLIANCES NEEDED IN TESTING WATER.
PREPARING FOR THE EXPERIMENTS.
LIME HELD IN SOLUTION BY FREE CARBONIC ACID.
TEST FOR CARBONATE OF MAGNESIA.
LEARNING THE MANIPULATION OF TESTS.
MODIFICATION OF THE CLARK SOAP-TEST.
DIFFICULTIES OF PURIFYING WATER FOR LOCOMOTIVES.
