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Ann Sloan Devlin
The Research Experience
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Страница 1
The Research Experience
Страница 3
The Research Experience
Страница 5
Страница 6
Страница 7
About the Author
Introduction
Chapter 1 Research, Biases in Thinking, and the Role of Theories Chapter highlights
Why Research Matters
The Research Process: Humans Make Predictions
Heuristics and the Work of Kahneman and Tversky
The Representativeness Heuristic in Research
The Availability Heuristic in Research
Humans Want to Confirm Hypotheses
Try This Now 1.1
Revisit and Respond 1.1
Other Problems in Thinking
Problems in Scientific Thinking: Theory Influences Observations
Problems in Pseudoscientific Thinking: Scientific Language Does Not Make a Science
Coincidence (Gambler’s Fallacy) and Representativeness (Base Rate)
Try This Now 1.2
Logical Problems in Thinking: Hasty Generalization and Overreliance on Authorities
Psychological Problems in Thinking: Problem-Solving Inadequacy
Doing Science as Tradition and Innovation
Revisit and Respond 1.2
Research and the Value of Common Sense
Flexibility in Thinking
Theories: What They Are and Why They Matter
Try This Now 1.3
Ways in Which Theories May Differ: Scope and Parsimony
Making a Connection Between a Theory and a Good Research Question
Revisit and Respond 1.3
Summary
Practice Quiz
Build Your Skills
Chapter 2 Generating and Shaping Ideas: Tradition and Innovation Chapter highlights
Overview
Sources of Ideas
Ideas: The Student Sphere of Activity
Common Student Research Themes
Ideas: Academia and Media
Theses, Research Groups, and Departmental Publications
Conferences and Undergraduate Journals
Media
Wall Street Journal.
Chronicle of Higher Education.
Television.
Revisit and Respond 2.1
Ideas: Information Services, aka the Library
Ideas: Searching Effectively in the Library
Library Holdings
Reference Section: Encyclopedias and Handbooks
Psychology and Other Social Sciences
Try This Now 2.1
Revisit and Respond 2.2
Reference Materials: Style Guides and Thesauruses
Online Reference Resources: Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
Subject and Research Guides
Electronic Resources and Keywords
Keywords: The “Key” to Success
Try This Now 2.2
PsycINFO
Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms
Other Techniques in Searching: Truncation and Times Cited
Other Databases and Indexes in the Social Sciences
General Databases
The Web and Peer Review
Particular Kinds of Articles
Review Articles
Meta-Analyses: Their Special Value
How Journals Differ: Issues Related to Quality
Try This Now 2.3
Open Access and Predatory Publishers
Publication Practices of Journals
Significance Levels
Reviewer Selection
Intellectual Contribution of the Article
Editorial Policy
Specialized Journals
File Drawer Phenomenon
Journal Articles Versus Book Chapters
Revisit and Respond 2.3
Physically Obtaining an Article: A Closer Look at Databases
PsycINFO Versus PsycARTICLES
Revisit and Respond 2.4
Summary of the Article Locator Search Process
Interlibrary Loan (ILL) Systems and World Catalog (WorldCat)
Try This Now 2.4
What to Do With Your Articles (Read More Than the Abstract!)
The Introduction
The Hypotheses
The Method Section
Participants
Materials/Measures/Instruments
Procedure
The Results Section
The Discussion Section: Conflicts and Gaps
Revisit and Respond 2.5
Keeping Track: ILL, Mendeley, and RefWorks
Try This Now 2.5
Confounding or Third Variables: Refining the Research Question and Closing the Research Gap
Try This Now 2.6
Revisit and Respond 2.6
Time Pressure and Timelines
Academic Fraud and Steps Toward Transparency
Summary
Practice Quiz
Build Your Skills
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Chapter 3 Research Design Approaches and Issues: An Overview Chapter highlights
Overview
Research Quality Affects Research Answers
What Research Can Tell You: The Continuum of Certainty
Correlation Versus Causation
Try This Now 3.1
Why Conduct Correlational Research?
The Language of Correlation and Causation
Correlational Research Approaches: Correlational and Quasi-Experimental
Hallmarks of True Experimental Approaches
Try This Now 3.2
Differentiation of Independent and Dependent Variables
Reframing a Research Idea
Revisit and Respond 3.1
Type I Versus Type II Error
Sources of Type I Error and Remedies
Revisit and Respond 3.2
Type II Errors: Sample Size, Power, and Effect Size
Revisit and Respond 3.3
Internal Validity
History
Maturation
Testing
Instrumentation
Statistical Regression
Differential Selection (Biased Selection of Subjects)
Experimental Mortality
Selection–Maturation Interaction
Behavior of the Experimenter and Demand Characteristics
Try This Now 3.3
Behavior of the Participant: Role Attitude
Single- and Double-Blind Approaches to Research
Cover Stories
Pilot Tests and Manipulation Checks
Summary of Additional Threats to Internal Validity
Try This Now 3.4
Revisit and Respond 3.4
External Validity and Ecological Validity
Revisit and Respond 3.5
Where Research Takes Place
Laboratory Research
Field Study
Field Experiment
Virtual Environments
Survey Research
Where Qualitative Research Takes Place
Summary
Practice Quiz
Build Your Skills
Descriptions of Images and Figures
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