Читать книгу Veterinary Clinical Parasitology - Anne M. Zajac - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Fig. 1.1 Centrifuge tube filled with flotation solution to the top and cover...Fig. 1.2 McMaster slide used in the modified McMaster procedure for quantita...Fig. 1.3 (A) The traditional Baermann apparatus consisting of a suspended fu...Figs 1.4–1.6 The importance of small changes in the microscope focus can be ...Fig. 1.7 A typical ocular micrometer of 50 divisions. The divisions have no ...Fig. 1.8 A typical stage micrometer of 1 mm total length. Each division repr...Fig. 1.9 Appearance at 40× of an ocular micrometer being calibrated with a 1...Fig. 1.10 Examples of pseudoparasites. (A) Pine pollen is a common pseudopar...Fig. 1.11 Examples of pseudoparasites. (A) In this ovine fecal sample, both ...Fig. 1.12 Examples of pseudoparasites. (A) Insect hair from the feces of an ...Fig. 1.13 Examples of pseudoparasites. (A) Plant hairs and other fibrous mat...Fig. 1.14 Examples of pseudoparasites. (A) Free‐living mites that contaminat...Fig. 1.15 Examples of pseudoparasites. Among the most common pseudoparasites...Fig. 1.16 Spurious parasites are parasite eggs or cysts from another host th...Fig. 1.17 Examples of spurious parasites. (A) Large cyst of Monocystis, a pr...Fig. 1.18 Examples of spurious parasites. (A) Adelina sp. oocyst in a canine...Fig. 1.19 Larva detected on fecal flotation from a dog infected with lungwor...Fig. 1.20 Vaginal opening (arrow) of a free‐living adult female nematode rec...Fig. 1.21 Tail of an adult male free‐living nematode recovered from an impro...Fig. 1.22 Anterior end of a plant parasitic nematode recovered from an impro...Fig. 1.23 (A) Anterior end of a first‐stage larva of Strongyloides stercoral...Fig. 1.24 Strongyloides stercoralis first‐stage larvae recovered from the fe...Fig. 1.25 Crenosoma vulpis first‐stage larva recovered from the feces of a d...Fig. 1.26 Anterior end of a first‐stage larva of a hookworm, Uncinaria steno...Fig. 1.27 Third‐stage larvae of common small ruminant strongylid genera coll...Fig. 1.28 Trichostrongylus larva from sheep, head (A) and tail sheath (B). T...Fig. 1.29 Ovine Teladorsagia head (A) and tail sheath (B). Teladorsagia can ...Fig. 1.30 Oesophagostomum/Chabertia head (A) and tail sheath (B). The larvae...Fig. 1.31 Haemonchus head (A) and tail sheath (B). The larvae of Haemonchus ...Fig. 1.32 Cooperia from a sheep, head (A) and tail sheath (B). Cooperia thir...Fig. 1.33 Strongyloides papillosus is a nematode of ruminants that is unrela...Fig. 1.34 Third‐stage Cooperia larvae from cattle. Several species of Cooper...Fig. 1.35 Tail sheath of Ostertagia (A) and Trichostrongylus (B). Both gener...Fig. 1.36 Tail sheath of Haemonchus (A) and Oesophagostomum (B) from cattle....Fig. 1.37 Tail sheath of Bunostomum. Species of this ruminant hookworm infec...Fig. 1.38 Infective third‐stage larvae of both large and small equine strong...Fig. 1.39 Parasites found in canine feces. Figure courtesy of Dr. Bert Strom...Fig. 1.40 Figure courtesy of Dr. Bert Stromberg and Mr. Gary Averbeck, Colle...Fig. 1.41 Dog and cat coccidia species produce oocysts of different sizes. T...Fig. 1.42 Cystoisospora oocysts usually require a minimum of 1–2 days to bec...Fig. 1.43 A sporulated Cystoisospora oocyst contains two sporocysts, each co...Fig. 1.44 Cystoisospora oocyst and two iodine‐stained Giardia cysts (arrows)...Fig. 1.45 Cystoisospora canis oocysts in this canine fecal sample (arrows) a...Fig. 1.46 Eimeria spp. oocysts are sometimes seen in dog and cat feces. Eime...Fig. 1.47 Neospora and Toxoplasma oocysts are similar to common Cystoisospor...Fig. 1.48 Sarcocystis sporocysts are smaller than typical coccidia oocysts a...Fig. 1.49 Sarcocystis sporulates in the intestines and the oocyst wall usual...Fig. 1.50 Cryptosporidium sp. in a sugar flotation preparation. The oocysts ...Fig. 1.51 Trichomonad parasites in dogs and cats have a distinctive undulati...Fig. 1.52 Stained fecal smear of a trichomonad organism showing the anterior...Fig. 1.53 Giardia cysts recovered with 33% ZnSO₄ centrifugal flotation. Cyst...Fig. 1.54 A drop of Lugol’s iodine may be added to a flotation preparation t...Fig. 1.55 Giardia cysts undergo osmotic damage when exposed to high specific...Fig. 1.56 The structures most often confused with Giardia cysts are yeast (a...Fig. 1.57 Giardia trophozoite in a direct saline smear. Trophozoites are bil...Fig. 1.58 Unstained Giardia trophozoite in a direct saline smear. The concav...Fig. 1.59 Giardia trophozoite (arrow) associated with a portion of mucosa in...Fig. 1.60 Although Ancylostoma is the most common genus of hookworm in the U...Fig. 1.61 Ancylostoma tubaeforme larvated and undeveloped eggs from a cat. T...Fig. 1.62 Egg of Mammomonogamus from a cat. This egg is most likely to be se...Fig. 1.63 Toxocara eggs are typical ascarid eggs with a thick shell. They co...Fig. 1.64 When the microscope is focused on the surface of a Toxocara egg, t...Fig. 1.65 Toxascaris leonina egg and Toxocara cati eggs. Note the dark singl...Fig. 1.66 Baylisascaris procyonis egg in feces of a naturally infected dog. ...Fig. 1.67 Toxocara canis egg and Baylisascaris procyonis egg (arrow). Eggs o...Fig. 1.68 Toxocara (Ta), Toxascaris (Ts) and Baylisascaris (B) eggs in a can...Fig. 1.69 Toxocara and other ascarids typically require several weeks of dev...Fig. 1.70 Canine fecal sample containing Toxocara canis (T) and Ancylostoma ...Fig. 1.71 Toxocara, Ancylostoma, and Trichuris eggs in a canine fecal sample...Fig. 1.72 Ascarids are often passed in the feces or vomitus of dogs and cats...Fig. 1.73 The morphology of the anterior end of small animal ascarids can be...Fig. 1.74 The cervical alae of adult Toxocara canis (A) are similar in appea...Fig. 1.75 The egg of Trichuris vulpis with its prominent bipolar plugs is on...Fig. 1.76 Feline fecal sample containing eggs of Ancylostoma (A), Mammomonog...Fig. 1.77 Eucoleus eggs are passed in the undifferentiated one‐ or two‐celle...Fig. 1.78 The only canine parasite eggs that could be mistaken for whipworm ...Fig. 1.79 Portion of a Trichuris vulpis egg (A) demonstrating the ridges see...Fig. 1.80 Examination of the surface of the shell wall of small‐animal capil...Fig. 1.81 In addition to having a morula that does not fill the interior of ...Fig. 1.82 Eggs of Aonchotheca putorii are similar to those of other capillar...Fig. 1.83 Physaloptera eggs do not float consistently in routine flotation e...Fig. 1.84 Adult Physaloptera may be seen with gastroscopy in cases where rou...Fig. 1.85 Spirocerca eggs do not float consistently in common flotation solu...Fig. 1.86 Strongyloides larvae must be differentiated from hatched hookworm ...Fig. 1.87 First‐stage larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis have a well‐define...Fig. 1.88 Iodine‐stained Strongyloides first‐stage larva. The prominent geni...Fig. 1.89 To confirm identification of S. stercoralis, the fecal sample can ...Fig. 1.90 Aelurostrongylus larva in a feline fecal sample. Larvae have the d...Fig. 1.91 Detail of the tail of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus larva showing its...Fig. 1.92 The tail of Crenosoma larvae has a slight deflection but lacks a d...Fig. 1.93 Angiostrongylus vasorum first‐stage larva. This species is uncommo...Fig. 1.94 First‐stage Oslerus larva in dog feces. The larvae have a kinked t...Fig. 1.95 First‐stage larva of Filaroides hirthi, which is similar in appear...Fig. 1.96 Adult male Ollulanus tricuspis in a fecal sample. Larvae and adult...Fig. 1.97 Dipylidium caninum eggs, each containing a hexacanth embryo, occur...Fig. 1.98 Occasionally, Dipylidium eggs are released from the packets and ma...Fig. 1.99 Dipylidium caninum segments on the surface of a canine fecal sampl...Fig. 1.100 Taenia eggs are brown with a thick shell wall (embryophore) and c...Fig. 1.101 Eggs of Eucoleus (E), Toxocara (To), and Taenia (Ta) and oocysts ...Fig. 1.102 Tapeworm segments from an animal (A) can usually be easily identi...Fig. 1.103 Embryonic hooks are visible in the two Taenia or Echinococcus egg...Fig. 1.104 Mesocestoides eggs have a thin, clear, smooth shell wall and cont...Fig. 1.105 Mature tapeworm segments passed in the feces may be observed by o...Fig. 1.106 Within hours of passing from the host, tapeworm segments lose the...Fig. 1.107 Unlike common tapeworms, Diphyllobothrium eggs lack hooks and res...Fig. 1.108 The operculate eggs of Spirometra also resemble trematode eggs. T...Fig. 1.109 Alaria eggs are large, operculate, yellow‐brown in color and cont...Fig. 1.110 Sometimes Alaria spp. eggs are detected using the centrifugal flo...Fig. 1.111 Paragonimus eggs have an undifferentiated embryo when passed in t...Fig. 1.112 The operculated eggs of Nanophyetus contain an undifferentiated e...Fig. 1.113 The large, elliptical eggs of Heterobilharzia americana have a sm...Fig. 1.114 On contact with freshwater, H. americana eggs hatch, releasing a ...Fig. 1.115 The small brown eggs of Platynosomum have an operculum at one end...Fig. 1.116 Platynosomum (arrow) and Trichuris eggs in the feces of a cat. Bo...Fig. 1.117 Cryptocotyle lingua egg detected on fecal sedimentation of feces ...Fig. 1.118 Metorchis is another genus of flukes present in wild animals that...Fig. 1.119 Large eggs of Linguatula may be seen in dogs in North America wit...Fig. 1.120 Macracanthorhynchus ingens eggs. Acanthocephalan eggs contain a l...Fig. 1.121 Parasites found in bovine feces.Fig. 1.122 Parasites found in feces of sheep and goats.Fig. 1.123 Ruminants and camelids are infected with a variety of Eimeria spp...Fig. 1.124 Bovine Eimeria oocysts (relative sizes not accurate; see Table 1....Fig. 1.125 Small ruminants are infected with a variety of coccidia species, ...Fig. 1.126 The oocyst shown here is E. ninakohlyakimovae from a goat. A simi...Fig. 1.127 Many, but not all, Eimeria species have a cap that covers the mic...Fig. 1.128 In this bovine fecal sample, several fully sporulated Eimeria ooc...Fig. 1.129 Eimeria llamae (A) and the smaller E. punonensis (B) are coccidia...Fig. 1.130 New World camelids are also infected with two species of Eimeria ...Fig. 1.131 The small oocysts of Cryptosporidium are best seen using the high...Fig. 1.132 Cryptosporidium oocysts can also be detected in acid fast‐stained...Fig. 1.133 This calf fecal sample contains a larvated Strongyloides egg (S) ...Fig. 1.134 Cyst of Buxtonella sulcata. These cysts may be seen in bovine fec...Fig. 1.135 The strongylid (also referred to as strongyle or trichostrongyle)...Fig. 1.136 Once strongylid eggs are exposed to oxygen and adequate temperatu...Fig. 1.137 Egg of Nematodirus sp. This is one of the few strongylid eggs of ...Fig. 1.138 Ovine fecal sample containing strongylid eggs (S), and a Nematodi...Fig. 1.139 Strongyloides eggs may be confused with strongylid eggs. The two ...Fig. 1.140 Trichuris eggs are common in ruminant feces. They have a thick, b...Fig. 1.141 This bipolar Aonchotheca (Capillaria) egg can be confused with Tr...Fig. 1.142 Ruminant fecal sample containing both Trichuris (T) and Aonchothe...Fig. 1.143 Camelids can be infected with Aonchotheca sp. but are also parasi...Fig. 1.144 Toxocara vitulorum eggs have the thick shell typical of ascarids....Fig. 1.145 Skrjabinema (Sk), the ruminant pinworm. Pinworm eggs often appear...Fig. 1.146 Iodine‐stained Muellerius larva.Fig. 1.147 Muellerius larvae can be easily identified by the presence of a k...Fig. 1.148 Parelaphostrongylus, a parasite of white‐tailed deer, produces fi...Fig. 1.149 Protostrongylus larvae have a plain tail without the kink and acc...Fig. 1.150 Higher magnification view of the simple tail of a ProtostrongylusFig. 1.151 Dictyocaulus viviparus first‐stage larva. Intestinal cells contai...Fig. 1.152 Although Dictyocaulus larvae are most often seen in fecal samples...Fig. 1.153 Eggs of Moniezia are often square or triangular, unlike the more ...Fig. 1.154 Owners may be alarmed by the presence of Moniezia segments in the...Fig. 1.155 Packet of Thysanosoma eggs from a sheep. The eggs lack the pyrifo...Fig. 1.156 Fasciola hepatica egg. These large eggs have an operculum (arrow)...Fig. 1.157 Fasciola hepatica (F) and Paramphistomum (P) eggs. The two eggs a...Fig. 1.158 Egg of Fascioloides magna, the liver fluke of white‐tailed deer. ...Fig. 1.159 Dicrocoelium dendriticum eggs contain a fully formed miracidium, ...Fig. 1.160 The eggs of Eurytrema are similar in appearance to those of Dicro...Fig. 1.161 Ruminant schistosomes typically produce a spindle‐shaped egg. Thi...Fig. 1.162 Parasites found in fecal samples of horses. Figure courtesy of Dr...Fig. 1.163 The large size and deep‐brown color of the oocysts of E. leuckart...Fig. 1.164 Fecal flotation test containing iodine‐stained Giardia cysts.Fig. 1.165 Cryptosporidium oocysts in a sugar flotation preparation.Fig. 1.166 Equine strongylid (strongyle) eggs in fresh fecal samples are typ...Fig. 1.167 Several equine strongylid eggs are present in this fecal sample. ...Fig. 1.168 Equine small strongyle larvae (arrows) in manure. These small (le...Fig. 1.169 Parascaris eggs are typical, thick‐shelled ascarid eggs containin...Fig. 1.170 Parascaris eggs may lose the rough, proteinaceous coat on the egg...Fig. 1.171 Larvated strongylid egg and Parascaris egg that has undergone the...Fig. 1.172 Egg of Strongyloides westeri, the horse threadworm. These eggs ar...Fig. 1.173 Oxyuris eggs are asymmetrical with a single polar plug. Eggs embr...Fig. 1.174 Adult pinworms are occasionally seen in the feces of horses. Adul...Fig. 1.175 Larvated egg of Habronema sp. The larva is surrounded by a thin s...Fig. 1.176 The only parasitic nematode larvae that would be expected in the ...Fig. 1.177 Larvae of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, the equid lungworm, have a smal...Fig. 1.178 The egg of the equine tapeworm Anoplocephala is similar in appear...Fig. 1.179 Anoplocephala egg (A) and several equine strongylid eggs.Fig. 1.180 Parasites found in fecal samples of pigs.Fig. 1.181 Unsporulated (A) and sporulated (B) oocyst of Cystoisospora suis....Fig. 1.182 Oocysts of E. porci (P) and E. scabra (S), two of the eight Eimer...Fig. 1.183 Numerous Eimeria oocyts in a porcine fecal sample. Although commo...Fig. 1.184 Balantidium coli trophozoite in a direct saline smear. The cilia ...Fig. 1.185 The kidney‐bean‐shaped macronucleus, characteristic of ciliates, ...Fig. 1.186 Hyperosmotic flotation solutions can cause distortion of Balantid...Fig. 1.187 Like other ascarid eggs, those of Ascaris suum contain a single c...Fig. 1.188 Hyostrongylus and Oesophagostomum are the most common and importa...Fig. 1.189 Like other members of the genus, eggs of Trichuris suis, the swin...Fig. 1.190 Larvated Strongyloides eggs are usually present only in the feces...Fig. 1.191 The small Strongyloides ransomi egg (Sr) pictured here could be c...Fig. 1.192 In fresh fecal samples, Metastrongylus eggs contain a larva and h...Fig. 1.193 Egg of Physocephalus.Fig. 1.194 Ascarops egg. Spirurid eggs are unlikely to be seen if standard f...Fig. 1.195 Fasciola eggs. Trematode infections are rarely encountered in swi...Fig. 1.196 Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus egg. The embryo (acanthor) is su...Fig. 1.197 Eimeria spp. oocysts from a chicken. Eimeria species are common p...Fig. 1.198 After reaching the environment, Eimeria oocysts sporulate; the le...Fig. 1.199 Isospora spp. can also be found in birds, as seen in this fecal s...Fig. 1.200 Caryospora oocyst. The sporulated oocyst of this genus contains a...Fig. 1.201 Sarcocystis is another coccidia genus that may be found in the fe...Fig. 1.202 Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in birds are similar in appearance t...Fig. 1.203 Trichomonas spp. in birds have an undulating membrane and several...Fig. 1.204 Chilomastix is a genus of intestinal flagellate found in birds, p...Fig. 1.205 Eggs of Capillaria spp. are very common in the feces of domestic ...Fig. 1.206 Egg of Eucoleus dispar from a sharp‐shinned hawk.Fig. 1.207 Capillaria sp. egg in an owl (arrow). The larger, browner egg bel...Fig. 1.208 A smooth, thick shell is seen in both Ascaridia spp. and Heteraki...Fig. 1.209 Another ascarid genus found in ducks and wild birds is PorrocecumFig. 1.210 Subulura brumpti eggs in the feces of a chicken. Unlike most asca...Fig. 1.211 Strongylid egg and coccidia oocysts in an avian fecal sample.Fig. 1.212 Syngamus sp. egg from a crow. This is a common parasite of wild b...Fig. 1.213 Like Syngamus, eggs of Capillaria and Eucoleus spp. have bipolar ...Fig. 1.214 Spirurid egg in the feces of a double‐crested cormorant. Larvae a...Fig. 1.215 Spirurid egg in the feces of a red‐tailed hawk. The larva within ...Fig. 1.216 Tetrameres egg in the feces of a homing pigeon. Like other spirur...Fig. 1.217 Fluke eggs in avian feces. The operculum is not readily visible i...Fig. 1.218 The developing miracidium can be seen inside this avian trematode...Fig. 1.219 Raillietina sp. eggs from a chicken. The embryonic hooks are clea...Fig. 1.220 Tapeworm eggs from a magpie. Scattered among the cestode eggs are...Fig. 1.221 Egg of a thorny‐headed worm (Centrorhynchus) from the feces of a ...Fig. 1.222 Acanthocephalan (Plagiorhynchus sp.) eggs in the feces of an east...Fig. 1.223 Eimeria oocysts have smooth, clear cyst walls and contain a singl...Fig. 1.224 Rodent and rabbit hosts may be infected with multiple species of ...Fig. 1.225 Once in the environment, oocysts undergo sporulation to the infec...Fig. 1.226 Syphacia egg in feces from a gerbil. Eggs of Syphacia have a smoo...Fig. 1.227 Aspiculuris eggs have narrowed poles and a smooth, clear, double ...Fig. 1.228 Passalurus ambiguus eggs have an operculum‐like structure at one ...Fig. 1.229 Specimens of Paraspidodera uncinata, the cecal worm of guinea pig...Fig. 1.230 Strongylid eggs in the feces of rabbits and rodents are similar t...Fig. 1.231 Hymenolepis nana infects rodents and primates. Eggs are elliptica...Fig. 1.232 Other species of Hymenolepis found in rodents have larger, rounde...Fig. 1.233 Cittotaenia eggs are quite similar in appearance to Hymenolepis e...Fig. 1.234 Trophozoite (A) and cyst (B) of the commensal ciliate NyctotherusFig. 1.235 Entamoeba invadens trophozoite in a stained fecal smear from a Bu...Fig. 1.236 Cyst of Entamoeba invadens in an iodine‐stained smear of reptile ...Fig. 1.237 Sporulated Caryospora oocyst in the feces of a loggerhead turtle....Fig. 1.238 Coccidia in the feces of a bearded dragon. Isospora (I) oocysts i...Fig. 1.239 Oxyurid (pinworm) eggs are frequently encountered in reptile fece...Fig. 1.240 Pinworm egg from a turtle.Fig. 1.241 Reptiles may be infected with the same groups of helminth parasit...Fig. 1.242 This Capillaria serpentia egg from a turtle has a distinctive rou...Fig. 1.243 Eggs of the ascarids Hexametra and Spinicauda in the feces of a c...Fig. 1.244 Kalicephalus sp. egg from a python. This is one of the genera of ...Fig. 1.245 Rhabditid nematodes like Rhabdias and Strongyloides occur in rept...Fig. 1.246 Rhabdias is a common lungworm of frogs. First‐stage larvae are pa...Fig. 1.247 Tapeworm egg from a water moccasin. This egg is surrounded by a g...Fig. 1.248 Tapeworm egg from an anole. This egg is also surrounded by a clea...Fig. 1.249 Fluke (trematode) infections are common in wild reptiles, especia...Fig. 1.250 Flukes are also common in amphibians. These eggs of the lung fluk...Fig. 1.251 Spirorchid egg detected on sedimentation of feces from a wood tur...Fig. 1.252 Another spirorchid fluke is Hapalotrema. This egg from a green se...Fig. 1.253 Acanthocephalans (thorny‐headed worms) are also common in wild re...Fig. 1.254 Pentastomid egg in feces from a Boelon’s python. This is an unusu...

2 Chapter 2Fig. 2.1 Dioctophyme eggs are larger than those of Pearsonema and have a thi...Fig. 2.2 Pearsonema feliscati egg in urine sediment. Methylene blue stain is...Fig. 2.3 If the microscope is focused on the shell wall of the Pearsonema eg...Fig. 2.4 Stephanurus dentatus adults produce typical strongylid eggs that ca...Fig. 2.5 The eggs of Trichosomoides have bipolar plugs and are embryonated w...Fig. 2.6 Tritrichomonas foetus organisms from culture. The undulating membra...Fig. 2.7 Microfilariae of Onchocerca gutterosa (arrow) in bovine skin. Diagn...Fig. 2.8 Horn flies (Haematobia irritans) feeding on a Stephanofilaria stile...Fig. 2.9 Microfilariae of Onchocerca lupi from the uterus of an adult worm. ...Fig. 2.10 First‐stage larvae of Dracunculus insignis. These distinctive larv...Fig. 2.11 Third‐stage larva of Pelodera strongyloides recovered from a canin...Fig. 2.12 (A) Anterior end of Pelodera third‐stage larva. The bulb of the rh...Fig. 2.13 Thelazia in the eye of a cow.Fig. 2.14 Extensive skin thickening and wrinkling caused by Besnoitia besnoi...Fig. 2.15 Scleral “pearls,” or cysts, of Besnoitia bennetti in the eye of a ...

3 Chapter 3Fig. 3.1 Technique for making a blood smear. (A) Bring a spreader slide back...Fig. 3.2 Results of a hematocrit test using a blood sample containing D. imm...Fig. 3.3 Hepatozoon gamont in a polymorphonucleocyte. The parasite is sausag...Fig. 3.4 Erythrocyte containing pear‐shaped Babesia canis piroplasms. The pa...Fig. 3.5 Babesia gibsoni (arrow) is a smaller organism than B. canis. The pe...Fig. 3.6 Small Cytauxzoon felis merozoites in infected erythrocytes (arrow) ...Fig. 3.7 Mononuclear cell containing a Cytauxzoon felis schizont.Fig. 3.8 Leishmania sp. amastigotes in a lymph node impression smear.Fig. 3.9 Leishmania amastigote (arrow) in a macrophage from a canine lymph n...Fig. 3.10 Stained trypomastigote of Trypanosoma cruzi in a blood smear from ...Fig. 3.11 Microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis recovered from a blood sample...Fig. 3.12 Microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis have gently tapered heads (A)...Fig. 3.13 Microfilariae are at an earlier developmental stage than first‐sta...Fig. 3.14 Microfilariae of Acanthocheilonema (Dipetalonema) reconditum in a ...Fig. 3.15 The tails of some individual microfilariae of Acanthocheilonema re...Fig. 3.16 Dirofilaria repens microfilaria. This species is expanding its ran...Fig. 3.17 The head of Dirofilaria repens is blunt in comparison to the taper...Fig. 3.18 Babesia bigemina can be seen in this bovine blood smear. The teard...Fig. 3.19 Composite photo showing Theileria equi in equine red blood cells. ...Fig. 3.20 Composite photo of Babesia caballi. The definitive diagnostic form...Fig. 3.21 Theileria parva multinucleated schizont in a lymphocyte. The speci...Fig. 3.22 Theileria orientalis in a bovine blood smear (arrows).Fig. 3.23 Trypanosoma brucei and T. congolense are found in domestic mammals...Fig. 3.24 Trypanosoma congolense has a subterminal kinetoplast that is on th...Fig. 3.25 Trypanosoma vivax is found in Africa and other parts of the world....Fig. 3.26 Trypanosoma theileri is found worldwide in cattle, and a similar p...Fig. 3.27 Trypanosoma evansi is an important pathogen of horses and camels i...Fig. 3.28 Trypanosoma simiae is a parasite of African warthogs that is trans...Fig. 3.29 Microfilariae of Setaria spp. may occasionally be seen in ruminant...Fig. 3.30 Host leukocytes and erythrocytes containing the sausage‐shaped Leu...Fig. 3.31 Birds may be infected with more than one species of protozoa. Both...Fig. 3.32 Gamonts of Haemoproteus in a Swainson’s hawk. The gamonts are ofte...Fig. 3.33 The appearance of multiple stages of the parasite (signet‐ring sta...

4 Chapter 4Fig. 4.1 Schematic ELISA antigen detection procedures: (A) test surface: pol...Fig. 4.2 Schematic of antigen detection using an immunochromatographic later...Fig. 4.3 Comparison of common antibody detection procedures: indirect fluore...Fig. 4.4 Schematic of a conventional PCR assay. PCR is a process used to sel...Fig. 4.5 Simplified illustration of how a qPCR assay differs from a conventi...Fig. 4.6 Simple schematic of fluorescence plot of results from a multiplex q...

5 Chapter 5Fig. 5.1 Important characteristics for identification of a number of common ...Fig. 5.2 Pruritic mite infestations may stimulate intense grooming by the ho...Fig. 5.3 Sarcoptes and related mites are typically round bodied. The third a...Fig. 5.4 Sarcoptes scabiei var canis causes “scabies” or “sarcoptic mange” i...Fig. 5.5 Sarcoptic mange in an alpaca. In chronic sarcoptic mange, affected ...Fig. 5.6 Notoedres mites are similar in appearance to Sarcoptes. However, th...Fig. 5.7 Knemidokoptes is a round‐bodied mite, generally similar in appearan...Fig. 5.8 Budgerigar with a deformed beak resulting from the proliferative le...Fig. 5.9 Like other sarcoptiform mites, Trixacarus is a round‐bodied mite wi...Fig. 5.10 Chorioptes mites are more elongated, with longer legs than the sar...Fig. 5.11 Female Chorioptes mites with eggs present (arrows). Mite eggs are ...Fig. 5.12 Psoroptic mange or “scab” can be a serious infestation in ruminant...Fig. 5.13 Psoroptic ear mange in a rabbit.Fig. 5.14 Psoroptes sp. mites have a more oval shape and longer legs than ro...Fig. 5.15 Psoroptes may be up to 800 μm in length. Shown here are specimens ...Fig. 5.16 Otodectes cynotis infestation in a cat. The mites cause the produc...Fig. 5.17 Mating Otodectes cynotis mites from a ferret. Otodectes is another...Fig. 5.18 Gravid female of Otodectes cynotis with egg present (arrow).Fig. 5.19 Male Otodectes cynotis. The pair of distinct circular structures e...Fig. 5.20 Demodex is most often seen as a clinical problem in dogs. Lesions ...Fig. 5.21 In goats and cattle, clinical demodecosis is usually associated wi...Fig. 5.22 Demodex spp. mites (A) have a distinct, elongated appearance and a...Fig. 5.23 Many animals are parasitized by Demodex spp. Shown here is DemodexFig. 5.24 Cheyletiella is a surface mite that can be collected by brushing t...Fig. 5.25 Cheyletiella spp. are readily identified microscopically by the pr...Fig. 5.26 Psorobia simplex from a mouse. Note the rounded body, short legs, ...Fig. 5.27 The body of the Lynxacarus mite is laterally compressed like that ...Fig. 5.28 Male Leporacarus mites have a brown anterior shield that projects ...Fig. 5.29 Adult Leporacarus on the hair of a rabbit. The female mites also b...Fig. 5.30 Chirodiscoides from a guinea pig. The first two pairs of legs are ...Fig. 5.31 Mycoptes musculinus from the hair coat of a mouse. In males, the f...Fig. 5.32 Radfordia is found at the base of the hairs. The first pair of leg...Fig. 5.33 Feather mite from a chicken. Feather mite species show great varia...Fig. 5.34 Megninia, a feather mite from a finch. Feather mites infest variou...Fig. 5.35 Ornithonyssus spp. belong to the mesostigmatid order of mites. The...Fig. 5.36 Another characteristic used to differentiate Ornithonyssus from th...Fig. 5.37 Dermanyssus gallinae infests both domestic and wild birds. The anu...Fig. 5.38 Pneumonyssoides caninum, the nasal mite of dogs. A related mite, P...Fig. 5.39 Ophionyssus mites are the most common external parasite on captive...Fig. 5.40 Ophionyssus, like other mesostigmatid mites, has claws on the tips...Fig. 5.41 Only the six‐legged larvae of chiggers are parasitic, which is hel...Fig. 5.42 Specimen of trombiculid larvae that cause mammalian chigger infestation.Fig. 5.43 Typical chigger lesions on the leg of a parasitologist. Chiggers m...Fig. 5.44 Ticks are often found attached on parts of the body that are diffi...Fig. 5.45 Comparison of the basis capituli and mouthparts of females of the ...Fig. 5.46 Larval ticks are often called “seed ticks” because of their small ...Fig. 5.47 Female ticks of highest veterinary medical importance in the Unite...Fig. 5.48 Key to adult tick genera found in North America. Examination of ti...Fig. 5.49 Dorsal (top row) and ventral (bottom row) aspects of all motile st...Fig. 5.50 Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views of Amblyomma americanum ny...Fig. 5.51 Amblyomma maculatum: (left) male; (right) female. The Gulf Coast t...Fig. 5.52 Amblyomma cajennense: (left) male; female (right). The Cayenne tic...Fig. 5.53 Amblyomma variegatum: (left) male; (right) female. The tropical bo...Fig. 5.54 Amblyomma spp. are common in the tropics and subtropics. They are ...Fig. 5.55 Hyalomma spp. ticks are important disease vectors in Africa, Asia,...Fig. 5.56 Engorged nymph and engorged adult female Ixodes scapularis, the de...Fig. 5.57 Unfed adult female (left) and male (right) Ixodes scapularis viewe...Fig. 5.58 A distinctive morphologic detail of the Ixodes ticks is the groove...Fig. 5.59 Dermacentor variabilis: female (left); male (right). Like many mem...Fig. 5.60 Dermacentor andersoni: (left) male; (right) female; the Rocky Moun...Fig. 5.61 Dermacentor albipictus, the winter or moose tick, is a one‐host ti...Fig. 5.62 Dermacentor (Anocentor) nitens engorged female (left) and male (ri...Fig. 5.63 Engorged female Rhipicephalus sanguineus (brown dog tick). This sp...Fig. 5.64 Rhipicephalus sanguineus male (left) and engorged female (right). ...Fig. 5.65 The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Members of this tick...Fig. 5.66 Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus female (left) and male (right)...Fig. 5.67 From left to right, engorged Ixodes, Haemaphysalis, and Rhipicepha...Fig. 5.68 Haemaphysalis longicornis, the longhorned tick, was recently disco...Fig. 5.69 Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, the rabbit tick, is found in North...Fig. 5.70 The palps of Haemaphysalis ticks are wider than they are long, and...Fig. 5.71 Otobius, the spinose ear tick, and Dermacentor andersoni. This pic...Fig. 5.72 Partially engorged larva of Otobius megnini, the spinose ear tick....Fig. 5.73 This closer view of Otobius megnini nymphs shows the spines that c...Fig. 5.74 Argas sp., the fowl tick, is a soft tick. The ventral location of ...Fig. 5.75 The surface of the soft tick Ornithodoros is covered with mammilla...Fig. 5.76 Chewing lice of domestic animals are usually smaller than sucking ...Fig. 5.77 Sucking louse infestation on a calf. Note the reddish‐brown color ...Fig. 5.78 Bovicola ovis is a small white or tan chewing louse that can be ve...Fig. 5.79 Section of bovine skin with louse eggs (nits) attached to the hair...Fig. 5.80 Haematopinus spp. have prominent ocular points (arrow, partially o...Fig. 5.81 Linognathus spp. have no ocular points. Unlike Haematopinus, the s...Fig. 5.82 Each sucking louse leg ends in a prominent claw. Shown are the cla...Fig. 5.83 Solenopotes capillatus, the little blue cattle louse, is less comm...Fig. 5.84 Pediculus humanus has well‐developed eyes, no ocular points, and t...Fig. 5.85 The human crab louse, Pthirus pubis, has a distinctive crab‐shaped...Fig. 5.86 Sucking lice (Polyplax) species from a rat. Typical of sucking lic...Fig. 5.87 Polyplax egg glued to a rat hair. The presence of lice eggs (“nits...Fig. 5.88 Gliricola porcelli, a chewing louse of guinea pigs, is one of thre...Fig. 5.89 Like other chewing lice, the head of Bovicola spp. is broader than...Fig. 5.90 Chewing lice (Werneckiella equi) in the hairs of a horse.Fig. 5.91 Lesions on the shoulder and neck of a horse with a heavy burden of...Fig. 5.92 White louse eggs (nits) can be seen attached to the hairs of this ...Fig. 5.93 Trichodectes canis is the canine chewing louse.Fig. 5.94 The head of Felicola subrostratus, the feline chewing louse, is no...Fig. 5.95 Eggs (nits) of Felicola subrostratus adhered to cat hair.Fig. 5.96 There are more than 700 species of avian lice, all of which are ch...Fig. 5.97 Lipeurus caponis, the wing louse of poultry.Fig. 5.98 Laemobothrion sp. from an eagle.Fig. 5.99 Columbicula columbae, the slender pigeon louse, on the flight feat...Fig. 5.100 Columbicula columbae, the slender pigeon louse.Fig. 5.101 Puppy infested with fleas. This severe level of infestation cause...Fig. 5.102 Key to common flea species in the United States.Fig. 5.103 Female (left) and male (right) Ctenocephalides felis. The cat fle...Fig. 5.104 Ctenocephalides spp. eggs (arrow) are about 0.5 mm long. Larvae a...Fig. 5.105 Pet owners may find larvae of the cat flea, C. felis felis, in th...Fig. 5.106 The human flea, Pulex irritans, is less common on people in indus...Fig. 5.107 Echidnophaga gallinacea, the sticktight flea, has no combs and a ...Fig. 5.108 Xenopsylla cheopsis, the oriental rat flea. Genal and pronotal co...Fig. 5.109 Cediopsylla simplex, a rabbit flea.Fig. 5.110 Posterior spiracles of bot fly larvae. Row 1: Cuterebra spp. spir...Fig. 5.111 Paired spiracle plates on the posterior end of a bot larvae (Cute...Fig. 5.112 The hairy body of adult warble (bot) flies makes them look more l...Fig. 5.113 Bot larvae (Cuterebra sp.) spiracles visible through patent openi...Fig. 5.114 Cuterebra larvae are about 2.5 cm in length and covered with spin...Fig. 5.115 Veterinary practitioners occasionally remove young Cuterebra larv...Fig. 5.116 Dermatobia hominis bots are often seen in the second‐instar larva...Fig. 5.117 Eggs (nits) of Gasterophilus adhered to horse hair.Fig. 5.118 Eggs of Gasterophilus intestinalis, the most common equine bot sp...Fig. 5.119 Second‐instar Gasterophilus larvae. Following treatment with a ma...Fig. 5.120 Equine stomach bot, Gasterophilus. Species can be distinguished b...Fig. 5.121 Early third‐instar cattle grub, Hypoderma lineatum. Grubs or warb...Fig. 5.122 Hypoderma sp. grub emerging from its subcutaneous location on the...Fig. 5.123 Ovine nasal bot, Oestrus ovis. These bots are occasionally seen b...Fig. 5.124 Posterior spiracles of maggots associated with fly strike.Fig. 5.125 A case of ovine “fly strike” or “fly blow” in which an animal has...Fig. 5.126 Posterior spiracles of Lucilia spp. larva.Fig. 5.127 Lucilia spp. is one of the genera of blow flies that cause facult...Fig. 5.128 Screwworm infestation on the ear of a calf. If untreated, these i...Fig. 5.129 Screwworm maggots. If screwworm infestation is suspected in the U...Fig. 5.130 Cochliomyia sp. larvae showing pigmented tracheal trunks (arrow)....Fig. 5.131 Typical hippoboscid louse flies showing the flattened appearance ...Fig. 5.132 Adult and pupal stages of the sheep ked, Melophagus. Although som...Fig. 5.133 Adult Lipoptena cervi from a moose. Alopecia is reported in moose...Fig. 5.134 Tabanid flies. These large biting flies are familiar worldwide. H...Fig. 5.135 Deer flies, Chrysops, also belong to the tabanid group but are sm...Fig. 5.136 Head and mouthparts of Stomoxys calcitrans, the stable fly (left)...Fig. 5.137 Horn flies, Haematobia irritans, are a major pest of cattle throu...Fig. 5.138 The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, is approximately the size of...Fig. 5.139 Glossina, the tsetse fly, is the vector of trypanosomiasis in dom...Fig. 5.140 Mosquitoes are common in many regions. Mosquito larvae develop in...Fig. 5.141 Culicoides (midges or no‐see‐ums) are very small biting flies (ra...Fig. 5.142 Adult triatomine bug, Triatoma sanguisuga, an important vector of...Fig. 5.143 Adult bedbug, Cimex lectularis. Photo courtesy of Megan Lineberry...Fig. 5.144 Dorsal (top row) and ventral (bottom row) adult and nymphal bedbu...Fig. 5.145 Cimex adjunctus, the eastern bat bug, can be mistaken for C. lect...

6 Chapter 6Fig. 6.1 Collection of mucus sample via a skin biopsy from the side of a fis...Fig. 6.2 Collection of a fin biopsy by clipping a small portion of the dista...Fig. 6.3 Collection of a gill biopsy by lifting the operculum (gill chamber ...Fig. 6.4 Ichthyophthirius multifiliis trophozoite. This ciliate, which produ...Fig. 6.5 Encysted trophozoite of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis embedded in th...Fig. 6.6 Cryptocaryon irritans trophozoite. This ciliated parasite, which ha...Fig. 6.7 Trophozoites of Tetrahymena spp. in a skin biopsy of a hybrid strip...Fig. 6.8 Tissue section showing numerous trophozoites of Uronema spp. invadi...Fig. 6.9 Epistylis sp. is a colonial ciliate that has a conical or elongated...Fig. 6.10 Trichodina sp. from a skin biopsy of a tropical freshwater oscar (Fig. 6.11 Trichophyra sp. on a gill biopsy of a channel catfish (Ictalurus p...Fig. 6.12 Amyloodinium ocellatum on the gill tissue of a striped bass (Moron...Fig. 6.13 Histopathology of Amyloodinium ocellatum attached to the gill tiss...Fig. 6.14 Ichthyobodo necator, attached to the skin (arrow), is an extremely...Fig. 6.15 Myxospores of Myxobolus sp. (a myxosporean parasite) in cartilagin...Fig. 6.16 Giemsa‐stained myxospores of the myxosporean parasite Henneguya sp...Fig. 6.17 Adult monogenean from a skin biopsy of a rainbow trout (Oncorhynch...Fig. 6.18 Encysted metacercariae of two different species of digenetic trema...Fig. 6.19 Argulus sp. from a goldfish (Carassius auratus), commonly known as...Fig. 6.20 Lepeophtheirus salmonis. Sea lice on the skin of an Atlantic salmo...Fig. 6.21 Ergasilus spp. Adult female copepod parasites removed from the ora...Fig. 6.22 Lernaea spp. This parasitic copepod, commonly known as an anchor w...Fig. 6.23 Leeches of an unidentified species attached to the skin of a cultu...Fig. 6.24 Egg of an acanthocephalan parasite from a black crappie (Pomoxis n...Fig. 6.25 Eggs of Capillaria sp. from a freshwater angelfish (Pterophyllum s...Fig. 6.26 Unidentified nematode egg from a largemouth bass (Micropterus salm...

7 Chapter 8Fig. 8.1 Specimen observed in the fecal material of a dog. The specimen was ...Fig. 8.2 Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae recovered on Knott’s test from an...Fig. 8.3 Higher magnification view of a single Dirofilaria immitis microfila...Fig. 8.4 Nematode larva, approximately 350 μm long, recovered from the feces...Fig. 8.5 Fecal sample from a clinically normal Chesapeake Bay retriever.Fig. 8.6 Closer view of 7–10 mm white objects present in the fecal sample.Fig. 8.7 Dorsal view of tick removed from a cat.Fig. 8.8 (A) Ventral view of tick removed from a cat. (B) Higher magnificati...Fig. 8.9 Fragment of an adult worm expelled from the mouth of a horse.Fig. 8.10 Eggs recovered from the fragment of female worm from a horse.