Читать книгу The Christian Left - Anthony A. J. Williams - Страница 14

1 1. Chris Bryant, Possible Dreams: A Personal History of the British Christian Socialists (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1996), pp. 81–2.

2 2. James Keir Hardie, ‘Labour and Christianity: is the labour movement against Christianity?’, in Labour and Religion: by Ten Members of Parliament and Other Bodies (London: n.p, 1910), p. 49.

3 3. Bryant, Possible Dreams, p. 41.

4 4. John C. Cort, Christian Socialism: An Informal History (Maryknoll NY: Orbis Books, 2020 [1988]), p. 159.

5 5. Bryant, Possible Dreams, p. 37.

6 6. Gary Dorrien, Social Democracy in the Making: Political and Religious Roots of European Socialism (Yale CT: Yale University Press, 2019), p. 43.

7 7. Cort, Christian Socialism, p. 161.

8 8. Jeremy Morris, ‘F.D. Maurice and the myth of Christian Socialist origins’, in Stephen Spencer, ed., Theology Reforming Society: Revisiting Anglican Social Theology (London: SCM Press, 2017), p. 5; Bryant, Possible Dreams, p. 43.

9 9. Morris, ‘F.D. Maurice’, p. 5

10 10. F.D. Maurice, ‘Tracts on Christian Socialism, Tract 1 (1850)’ in Ellen K. Wondra, ed., Reconstructing Christian Ethics: Selected Writings of F.D. Maurice (Louisville KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 1995), p. 196.

11 11. Ibid., pp. 202 and 205.

12 12. Alan Wilkinson, Christian Socialism: Scott Holland to Tony Blair (London: SCM Press, 1998), p. 18.

13 13. Jeremy Morris, F.D. Maurice and the Crisis of Christian Authority (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 135 and 146.

14 14. Ibid., pp. 146, 158 and 67.

15 15. Ibid., p. 75.

16 16. Ibid., p. 78.

17 17. Ibid., pp. 159–60.

18 18. Steven Schroeder, The Metaphysics of Cooperation: A Study of F.D. Maurice (Atlanta GA: Rodopi, 1999), p. 53.

19 19. Paul Dafydd Jones, ‘Jesus Christ and the transformation of English society: the “subversive conservatism” of Frederick Denison Maurice’, Harvard Theological Review, 96, 2 (2003): pp. 225–6.

20 20. Morris, F.D. Maurice, p. 149.

21 21. Schroeder, Metaphysics of Cooperation, pp. 53 and 56.

22 22. Morris, F.D. Maurice, p. 147.

23 23. Dorrien, Social Democracy, p. 42.

24 24. Cort, Christian Socialism, p. 166.

25 25. Ibid., p. 160.

26 26. Ibid., p. 155; Dorrien, Social Democracy, pp. 40 and 42.

27 27. Maurice, ‘Tract 1’, pp. 196–7; Dorrien, Social Democracy, pp. 44–5.

28 28. Cort, Christian Socialism, p. 164.

29 29. Ibid., pp. 168–9; Dorrien, Social Democracy, pp. 6 and 46–7.

30 30. Maurice, ‘Tract 1’, p. 202.

31 31. Dorrien, Social Democracy, p. 46; Cort, Christian Socialism, p. 171.

32 32. Stewart D. Headlam, Maurice and Kingsley: Theologians and Socialists (London: George Standring, 1909), p. 5.

33 33. Ibid., p. 8.

34 34. Stewart D. Headlam, Priestcraft and Progress: Being Sermons and Lectures (London: John Hodges, 1878), pp. 19 and 21.

35 35. Peter d’A. Jones, The Christian Socialist Revival 1877–1914: Religion, Class, and Social Conscience in Late-Victorian England (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1969), p. 146.

36 36. Stewart D. Headlam, The Socialist’s Church (London: G. Allen, 1907), p. 5.

37 37. Stewart D. Headlam, Christian Socialism – A Lecture: Fabian Tract No.42 (London: Fabian Society, 1899), p. 6.

38 38. Stewart D. Headlam, The Meaning of the Mass: Five Lectures with Other Sermons and Addresses (London: S.C. Brown, 1905), p. 83.

39 39. Headlam, Meaning of the Mass, p. 73; Headlam, Priestcraft and Progress, p. 7; John Richard Orens, Stewart Headlam’s Radical Anglicanism: The Mass, the Masses, and the Music Hall (Chicago IL: University of Illinois Press, 2003), p. 24; Kenneth Leech, ‘Stewart Headlam, 1847–1924, and the Guild of St Matthew’, in Maurice B. Reckitt, ed., For Christ and the People: Studies of Four Socialist Priests and Prophets of the Church of England (London: SPCK, 1968), p. 78.

40 40. Headlam, Meaning of the Mass, p. 29.

41 41. Dorrien, Social Democracy, pp. 98–9.

42 42. Stephen Mayor, The Churches and the Labour Movement (London: Independent Press, 1967), p. 197.

43 43. Dorrien, Social Democracy, p. 99.

44 44. Henry Scott Holland, Our Neighbours: A Handbook for the C.S.U. (London: A.R. Mowbray, 1911), pp. 67–8.

45 45. Dorrien, Social Democracy, p. 100.

46 46. Jones, Christian Socialist Revival, p. 166.

47 47. Scott Holland, Our Neighbours, p. 9.

48 48. Ibid., pp. 10–11.

49 49. Ibid., p. 18.

50 50. Ibid., p. 81.

51 51. Ibid., p. 83.

52 52. Ibid., p. 91.

53 53. Ibid., pp. 84 and 127.

54 54. Wilkinson, Christian Socialism, pp. 71–2.

55 55. Scott Holland, Our Neighbours, p. 152.

56 56. Peter Wadell, Charles Gore: Radical Anglican (Norwich: Canterbury Press, 2014), p. xxii.

57 57. Ibid.

58 58. Ibid., p. 145.

59 59. Ibid., p. 145.

60 60. Ibid., p. 146.

61 61. Ibid., p. 147.

62 62. Ibid., p. 154.

63 63. Dorrien, Social Democracy, p. 107.

64 64. Jones, Christian Socialist Revival, p. 181; Mayor, Churches and the Labour Movement, p. 223.

65 65. Cort, Christian Socialism, p. 177.

66 66. Mayor, Churches and the Labour Movement, p. 229.

67 67. Dorrien, Social Democracy, pp. 8 and 312.

68 68. Arthur Burns, ‘Beyond the “Red Vicar”: community and Christian Socialism in Thaxted, Essex, 1910–84’, History Workshop Journal, 75 (2013): p. 103.

69 69. Ibid., p. 108.

70 70. Mayor, Churches and the Labour Movement, p. 203.

71 71. John Clifford, Socialism and the Teaching of Christ: Fabian Tract No. 78 (London: Fabian Society, 1898), p. 7.

72 72. Ibid., p. 11.

73 73. Samuel E. Keeble, Industrial Day-Dreams: Studies in Industrial Ethics and Economics (London: R. Culley, 1907 [1896]), p. 190.

74 74. Ibid., p. 53.

75 75. Ibid., pp. 90 and 133–4.

76 76. Ibid., p. 17.

77 77. Ibid., p. 92.

78 78. Dorrien, Social Democracy, p. 327; Stephen Spencer, ‘William Temple and the “Temple Tradition”’, in Stephen Spencer, ed., Theology Reforming Society: Revisiting Anglican Social Theology (London: SCM Press, 2017), p. 86.

79 79. Bryant, Possible Dreams, p. 180; Dorrien, Social Democracy, p. 368.

80 80. William Temple, Christianity and the Social Order (London: Penguin, 1976 [1942]), p. 36.

81 81. Ibid., p. 37.

82 82. Ibid., pp. 51 and 68.

83 83. Spencer, ‘Temple Tradition’, pp. 100–1.

84 84. Temple, Christianity and the Social Order, pp. 101–2.

85 85. Dorrien, Social Democracy, p. 396.

86 86. Ibid., p. 54.

87 87. Thomas L. Jarman, Socialism in Britain: From the Industrial Revolution to the Present Day (New York: Taplinger, 1972), p. 106.

88 88. James Keir Hardie, Can a Man Be a Christian On a Pound a Week? (London: ILP, 1905), pp. 13–14 and p. 3; James Keir Hardie, From Serfdom to Socialism (London: G. Allen, 1907), pp. 38 and 36.

89 89. Hardie, Can a Man Be a Christian?, p. 11.

90 90. James Keir Hardie, My Confession of Faith in the Labour Alliance (London: ILP, 1909), pp. 13 and 16.

91 91. Bob Holman, Keir Hardie: Labour’s Greatest Hero (Oxford: Lion, 2010), pp. 132–3.

92 92. Dorrien, Social Democracy, pp. 370–1; Graham Dale, God’s Politicians: The Christian Contribution to 100 Years of Labour (London: HarperCollins, 2000), p. 77.

93 93. Dale, God’s Politicians, pp. 56 and 62.

94 94. Ian S. Wood, John Wheatley (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990), pp. 155–7.

95 95. Ian S. Wood, ‘John Wheatley and Catholic Socialism’, in A.R. Morton, eds, After Socialism? The Future of Radical Christianity (Edinburgh: CTPI, 1994), p. 20; John Hannan, The Life of John Wheatley (Nottingham: Spokesman Books, 1988), p. 11.

96 96. Wood, Wheatley, p. 24.

97 97. Wood, ‘John Wheatley and Catholic Socialism’, p. 21.

98 98. Wood, Wheatley, p. 18.

99 99. Tony Judge, Margaret Bondfield: First Woman in the Cabinet (London: Alpha House, 2018), pp. 30, 5 and 44.

100 100. Judge, Bondfield, p. 114; M. Bondfield, et al., Trade Unions and Socialism (London: ILP, 1926), p. 4, pp. 10–12.

101 101. Margaret Bondfield, Socialism for Shop Assistants: Pass On Pamphlets No. 10 (London: Clarion Press, 1909), p. 14.

102 102. Bondfield, et al., Trade Unions and Socialism, p. 3.

103 103. Paula Bartley, Ellen Wilkinson: From Red Suffragist to Government Minister (London: Pluto Press, 2014), p. xi; Ellen Wilkinson, ‘Slaves of machines’, Burnley News, 28/11/30.

104 104. Interview with Lansbury from the Christian Commonwealth Newspaper, 11 August 1915, LSE archive, Lansbury/7 213.

105 105. George Lansbury, ‘Back to the Galilean!’, in The Religion in the Labour Movement (London: Holborn, 1919), p. 54.

106 106. Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes, p. 152.

107 107. Memorandum for interview with Hitler by Lansbury, 19 April 1937, LSE archive, Lansbury/16 145–7; Telegram from Lansbury to Hitler, 15 April 1939, LSE archive, Lansbury/17 88.

108 108. R.H. Tawney, ‘The choice before the Labour Party’, Political Quarterly, 3, 3 (1932): pp. 22–4.

109 109. Ibid., p. 25.

110 110. Ibid., pp. 26–7.

111 111. Dorrien, Social Democracy, pp. 370–1.

112 112. J.M. Winter and D.M. Joslin, eds, R.H. Tawney’s Commonplace Book (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 67.

113 113. Gary Armstrong and Tim Gray, ‘Three fallacies in the essentialist interpretation of the political thought of R.H. Tawney’, Journal of Political Ideologies, 15, 2 (2010): pp. 161–74.

114 114. R.H. Tawney, The Acquisitive Society (London: Bell, 1921), pp. 185–6.

115 115. Matt Beech and Kevin Hickson, Labour’s Thinkers: The Intellectual Roots of Labour from Tawney to Gordon Brown (London: I.B. Tauris, 2007), p. 28.

116 116. Wilkinson, Christian Socialism, p. 105.

117 117. Tawney, Acquisitive Society, pp. 27–8.

118 118. Ibid., p. 31.

119 119. Ibid., p. 114.

120 120. Ibid., p. 99.

121 121. Ibid., p. 151.

122 122. Ibid., pp. 42 and 46.

123 123. R.H. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (London: Pelican, 1922), p. 180.

124 124. R.H. Tawney, Equality (London: C. Tinling & Co., Ltd., 1938 [1931]), pp. 24 and 39.

125 125. Ibid., pp. 115–17 and p. 122.

126 126. Ibid., p. 141.

127 127. Anthony A.J. Williams, Christian Socialism as a Political Ideology: The Formation of the British Christian Left, 1877–1945 (London: I.B. Tauris, 2021), p. 167.