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By contrast, the current of cultural experimentation that I shall call transformationalism develops a very different interpretation of AI. Transformationalists reject the claim advanced by sceptics that AI is a synonym for hype, or a cover story for tech companies. Whilst certain sensationalist aspects of the discourse of AI are not denied, the transformationalist response emphasizes that AI is an expression of deeper technological shifts in the scale of economic organization and social relations worldwide. This can be discerned, argue transformationalists, in the rise of advanced automation, supercomputers, 3D printing, Industry 4.0 and the Internet of Things. AI technologies, including robotics and advanced digital systems that deploy deep learning, neural networks, machine decision-making and pattern recognition, have given rise to an era of intelligent machines which can increasingly sense their own environments, think, learn and react in response to data. The rise of neural networks, a kind of machine learning roughly modelled on the human brain, consisting of deeply layered processing nodes, has been especially consequential for the powering up of AI-based economies and societies. Today, fewer and fewer things are removed from the impress of AI, and every phenomenon, including private life and the self, seems influenced by self-learning algorithms to its roots.