Читать книгу Fifty Years the Queen - Arthur Bousfield - Страница 10

1

“I Greet You As Your Queen”

Ottawa, 1957

Canada is a majestic land! Flanked by the awesomeness of the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans, and crowned by the forbidding and austere beauty of the Arctic, it is embellished by natural jewels of diverse charm. One thinks of the impressive Bedford Basin or the Annapolis Valley fruit orchards, the magnificent St Lawrence River opening the hinterland to the world, or the oceanic proportions of the Great Lakes linked by the thundering roar of the mighty Niagara. There is the austere stone face of the Canadian shield, the haunting vastness of the prairie wheat fields, the aristocratic grandeur of the Rocky Mountains and the lordly rivers that traverse the land. Majestic is the only word that comes close to doing justice to this land.

The Great Seal of Canada is the symbol of the Queen's authority and used to autheiiticate all government documents. Elizabeth IFs Great Seal was issued in 1955 and depicts Her Majesty crowned and seated in St Edward's Chair, with her Royal Arms for Canada in front. The Queen exercised her authority in person on the 1957 tour.

And what does the land expect of human society? Republicanism is unworthy. No president, elected or appointed, however admirable an individual, could merit governing such a country. Man's response to the land, that is, the way human society is ordered, must be as majestic as the land itself.

God has established a unity between His creations in this world. Only a king or queen, the product of Man's history and God's anointing, can presume to stand before the Canadian land as an equal, to personify the Canadian state and lead the Canadian people. Only a monarchical people, who acknowledge, that while they have power, they are accountable to an authority outside of and above their own will, can comprehend and live with a land that mocks Man's power. Canadians have always been such a people and had such a king or queen.

On her arrival in Ottawa the Queen was greeted by Rt Ron, Vincent Massey, the Governor-General Mr Massey was appointed by the Queen's father, King George VI, just before his death in 1952, and was the first Governor-General of the Queen's reign in Canada. He was also the first Canadian-born Governor-General since the French regime.

When the early European explorers landed in Canada they recognised this fact. They gave the land names such as “Kingdom of the Saguenay” and instinctively acknowledged the aboriginal chiefs as “kings”.

And the Dominion of the North is at its most majestic in October, when the land dons a multi-coloured mantle of maple brilliance, grander than any mantle imagined by fabled monarchs of antiquity. It beckons its people to celebrate and add to its royal scene.

On an October day in 1957, Monday 14 October—appropriately Thanksgiving Day in Canada that year—Canadians responded to the majesty of God's land with the grandest majesty they could muster around God's anointed. Four short years earlier, on 2 June 1953, Elizabeth II had been anointed and crowned with the title “Queen of Canada” in St Peter's, the ancient Abbey of St Edward the Confessor in Westminster, England. She was the first monarch officially to be crowned with the title “Queen of Canada” and now she was to confirm her title in the Parliament Building of her Canadian realm.

Two days earlier Her Majesty had arrived in Ottawa, capital of Canada and one of the prettiest capitals in the world, transformed by edict of Queen Victoria a century before from a rough lumbering town into a city of government. Ten thousand had turned out in perfect autumn weather at Uplands Airport to greet their Queen. In a North American combination of egalitarianism and status, the crowds awaited her arrival in temporary bleachers set up at the hanger, as at a football game, but the bleachers were assigned according to rank or position—one for ministers of state and high officials, one for diplomats, and, most importantly, one for school children.

The National War Memorial, unveiled by King George VI in 1939, has always been the focus of remembrance in Canada. The Queen laid a special wreath, made by disabled veterans from oak and maple, on her 1957 stay in Ottawa.

At 4:30 p.m., after a fourteen-hour flight, the British Overseas Airways DC-7C landed at Uplands, and, iollowing a fanfare by the seven Coronation Trumpeters of the Royal Canadian Air Force Central Band, the Queen and Duke of Edinburgh came down the ramp, and Elizabeth II returned as Queen to the country she had left six years before as a Princess. After being greeted by the Governor-General, Rt Hon. Vincent Massey, and the Prime Minister, Rt Hon. John Diefenbaker and Mrs Diefenbaker and other dignitaries, the royal party left by automobile on the fifteen-mile ride to Government House (Rideau Hall). It was a slow ride for the streets were lined by 500,000 of the Queen's Canadian subjects, out to welcome her back to her home in the New World.

Ottawa was the scene of the Queen's first ever television broadcast on 13 October It was delivered in both English and French and was a prelude to her annual TV Christmas broadcasts.

Rideau Hall was her home, as much as Buckingham Palace in London or Holyroodhouse Palace in Edinburgh. The three services of Canada—the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army and the Royal Canadian Air Force—took turns mounting guard at her Ottawa residence, and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police would look after escorts and security. A reception at Rideau Hall for the press writers and photographers, the largest number ever to gather for an event in Canada, completed the first day's public activities.

The second day in Canada was a Sunday so, appropriately, it was allocated to remembrance and contemplation. The public day began at 10:00 a.m. when the Queen and Duke laid a wreath at the National War Memorial, as they had done in 1951. The nine-pound wreath had been created by disabled war veterans from the leaves of Canada's history and identity—oak and maple. After the ceremony the royal couple spoke with the veterans—from the two World Wars, the South African War and even from earlier nineteenth century battles. The Duke himself was a veteran of the Second World War.

The ceremony was followed by a Thanksgiving Service at Christ Church Anglican Cathedral. In his sermon the dean of the cathedral spoke of the first thanksgiving in Canada, held by the men of Martin Frobisher's expedition over four hundred years before in the reign of the first Elizabeth, and how the Queen's great-great-uncle, the Marquis of Lorne, as Governor-General of Canada, had officially proclaimed Thanksgiving a holiday in Canada in 1879.

At 9:00 o'clock in the evening Her Majesty was able to bring the spirit of Thanksgiving to all her people in Canada via the innovation of a live television broadcast, prelude to her annual televised Christmas messages that would begin in December. The new medium was supplanting the radio broadcasts which in their turn had supplanted written communications.

In her address the Queen said “I want you to know how happy I am to be in Canada once again, particularly at Thanksgiving”, and promised that “one day we shall bring our children here to see this wonderful and exhilarating country”. It was a promise that would be fulfilled many times over, not only for her two children of the time but also for her two sons to be born in the next decade.

In the address Her Majesty also described her pride in the diversity of Canada: “Industry and commerce may bring wealth to a country, but the character of a nation is formed by other factors. Race, language, religion, culture and tradition all have some contribution to make, and when I think of the diversity of these factors in Canada today and the achievements that have grown from their union, I feel proud and happy to be Queen of such a nation.”

While Sunday was a day for Church, Monday was for State. And a grand day it was. The Fathers of Confederation had declared that the government of Canada was to be carried out by “Her Majesty personally or by her representative duly authorised”. As such a day had been for her father in 1939, this was a day for the new Queen to carry out the government of Canada personally. The Governor-General, Vincent Massey recalled,

During my time in Ottawa everything possible was done to bring home the position of the Sovereign in our national life. The Queen's visit in 1957 gave this reality. When she opened Parliament, she was acting, in the fullest sense, as the Queen of Canada. At this time she presided over a meeting of her Canadian Privy Council and in her capacity as Sovereign approved an order-in-council.

I cannot claim any personal credit for these arrangements because they were the result of government decisions, but within the limits of my post I was happy to give them the fullest encouragement. I may say this: both the governments [Liberal and Conservative] that were successively in office during my time were at one in their desire that we should demonstrate in every possible way the fact that the Queen is Queen of Canada. There was never the slightest shadow of disagreement on this vital principle.

The Queen and members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, including the Duke of Edinburgh (to the Queen's left), who was admitted to the Council at this meeting, and the Prime Minister, John Diefenbaker (to the Queen's Right), gather at Rideau Hall for a meeting chaired by the Queen.

Massey's point was well made. It was the Liberal government of the venerable monarchist Louis St-Laurent which had initiated the Queen's tour. In the 1957 general election the Liberals were unexpectedly defeated, and now it was the Conservatives under the dynamic and charismatic monarchist John Diefenbaker who carried it out.

The meeting of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada took place at 10:00 a.m. at Government House on that historic Thanksgiving Day, chaired by Her Majesty The Queen. Some voices had suggested that it was not correct British constitutional practice, for a monarch to chair a Privy Council meeting, but Diefenbaker saw the larger principle of identifying the Queen with the workings of her Canadian government and brushed aside such pedantry. As there was no constitutional prohibition, the Queen would chair the Council. Mr Diefenbaker added that “The Queen of Canada is a term which we like to use because it utterly represents her role on this occasion”.

Mr Diefenbaker also used the occasion to honour the Duke of Edinburgh. In February of 1957 the Queen had made the Duke a Prince of the United Kingdom, restoring the dignity of “Prince” which he had given up in 1947 as a Prince of Greece and Denmark. On 3 February 1953, during discussion of the Queen's new Royal Style and Title for Canada in the House of Commons, an opposition M.P. from Lake Centre named John Diefenbaker had suggested that “we should make Her Majesty acquainted with the fact that we as her subjects in Canada would like to see her consort, Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh, created a prince of the Commonwealth to bind us together ever closer in heart and soul and to have in him as in her a link with all parts of the Commonwealth”. It was an imaginative idea that, although not adopted, in fact described the life that lay before the consort of the Queen. Now, as the Canadian Prime Minister, John Diefenbaker was able to advise Her Majesty to grant a Canadian honour to the Prince by admitting him to the Queen's Privy Council for Canada. The Prince was duly sworn in that morning, taking his oath before his Canadian Queen.

Prince Philip was also honoured that morning by becoming an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, the organisation established by the Marquis of Lome, who was also the Prince's great-great-uncle as well as the Queen's. This event took place at Government House following the Privy Council meeting, as did the reception for the heads of Commonwealth and foreign diplomatic missions and their wives.

At 2:30 p.m., in brilliant autumn sunshine, a procession left Rideau Hall. Modest in scale by British standards perhaps, the procession was still glorious in appearance by any standard. Leading and following the state landau were contingents of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police—48 in all—in their famous scarlet serge tunics, blue breeches and tan stetsons, riding noble coal-black horses, with red and white pennons fluttering from the upright lances in their right hands. Their predecessors had brought the Queen's Peace to the West, now they were bringing the Queen herself to Parliament.

The Queen and Duke of Edinburgh proceed through the gothic halls of the Canadian Parliament led by the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod and followed by John Diefenbaker.

The open maroon landau with the Royal Arms emblazoned on the sides was a gift to Canada from Earl Grey, Governor-General of Canada 1904 to 1910. He had brought it with him from Australia where it had been made. It was Lord Grey who had coined the expression “the Maple Crown” to describe the Canadian Monarchy, and it seemed an apt phrase as the Queen rode in his landau while the sun lit up the maple trees of Ottawa in their fall colour.

Painting by Guy Laliberte depicts the Queen reading the Speech from the Throne as she becomes the first monarch to open the Canadian Parliament in person. Her Majesty sits on the Throne of Canada with the Duke of Edinburgh on the Consort's Throne and the Prime Minister, John Diefenbaker on a chair to the Queen's right. The painting belongs to Gordon Schmidt of Hanover, Ontario and is displayed at the Canadian Royal Heritage Museum located in the birthplace of John Diefenbaker in Neustadt, Ontario.

But most splendid of all was the figure riding in the landau. The Queen was resplendent in her Coronation gown, embroidered with the rose of England, the thistle of Scotland, the shamrock of Ireland and the leek of Wales, the wattle flower of Australia, the fern of New Zealand, the protea of South Africa, an ear of wheat for Pakistan, the lotus flowers for India and Ceylon and, in green silk bordered with gold bullion thread and veined in crystal, the maple leaves of Canada. In her hair Her Majesty wore a tiara that had been a silver wedding gift to Queen Alexandra and had also been worn by Queen Mary, who bequeathed it to Elizabeth II. The dress provided a deliberate symbolic link between the Coronation ceremony and the parliamentary one.

Past thousands of cheering Canadians the procession travelled the traditional route along Sussex Drive and Wellington Street to Parliament Hill, where the largest crowd ever seen on the hill had gathered. The Queen was en route to open the twenty-third Parliament, the first monarch to open a Canadian Parliament in person.

Once inside the gothic halls of Parliament—Westminster in the Wilderness it had been dubbed in the previous century—the party was led at a dignified pace by the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod. Accompanied by her consort and attended by the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Senate and military officers, the Queen reached the red Senate Chamber and proceeded up the centre aisle past the senators and invited diplomats and guests and past the scarlet and ermine robed justices of the Supreme Court. She then ascended the low dais and occupied the Throne of Canada.

When the Commons had attended at the Bar of the Senate, Her Majesty addressed the Senate and Commons in the Speech from the Throne opening the new Parliament: “I greet you as your Queen, together we constitute the Parliament of Canada.” She concluded her speech by recalling the words of the first Elizabeth, “Though God hath raised me high, yet this I count the glory of my crown, that I have reigned with your loves.' And now, in the New World I say to you that it is my wish that in the years before me I may so reign in Canada and be so remembered.”

It was an historic moment in the story of Canada and the life of Her Majesty—the Queen in Parliament, but all such moments are both the beginning of new chapters and the continuation of earlier episodes in the life of both Queen and Country.

Even the tour itself was not yet complete. Still to come was the evening's reception at Rideau Hall when the Queen donned the famous “Maple Leaf Dress”, further emphasising her status as a Canadian Queen. Tuesday was devoted to civic events in both Ottawa and Hull, such as launching the construction of the new Queensway expressway through Ottawa. These events were attended by hundreds of thousands of people on both sides of the provincial border between Ontario and Quebec, which Ottawa and Hull straddle. There was also a surprise gift for the Queen at dinner that evening.

A 350-pound sturgeon had been caught off Nova Scotia—the first in ten years. By ancient law, all sturgeons caught in the waters of the Queen's realms belong to the Sovereign, so the fish was packed in ice and flown to Rideau Hall by the Royal Canadian Air Force, where, that evening, it was presented to Her Majesty.

Wednesday morning there was time for an assembly of 15,000 school children at Lansdowne Park before a departure for the United States. Of the trip to Canada's southern neighbour and other travels around the world, the Queen assured Canadians that her role as Queen of Canada did not arbitrarily end at Canada's border. “When you hear or read about the events in Washington, and other places, I want you to reflect that it is the Queen of Canada and her husband who are concerned in them”, she said.

And the 1957 tour was but the first of many for Elizabeth II as Queen of Canada, in a reign that would see, and continues to see, many changes in Her Majesty's life, her role as Queen, and in the countries over which she reigns. Nor did the Queen's involvement in Canadian life and Canadians involvement in her life begin in 1957, There had been the Coronation, the 1951 tour as Princess and her years of preparation for the Throne. It was a throne which, at her birth, only a few expected would be hers to inherit.

The largest crowd ever seen on Parliament Hill watches as the royal couple depart in the state landau of Canada, escorted by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.

The famous “maple leaf dress” worn by the Queen at the reception in Rideau Hall is now one of the treasures of the Canadian Museum of Civilization in Ottawa.

Accompanied by Vincent Massey, and led by one of the Governor-General's dogs, the Queen walks through the leaf-covered grounds of Rideau Hall The Duke of Edinburgh is to the right of the picture.

The Queen, the American President Dwight Eisenhower, Mamie Eisenhower and the Duke of Edinburgh pose at a reception in Washington, The visit to the United States emphasised the ties of friendship between the two North American countries of the Queen and the President, “When you hear or read about the events in Washington and other places, I want you to reflect that it is the Queen of Canada and her husband who are concerned in them”, Her Majesty said before flying to Washington.

Continuing a tradition in the grounds of her Canadian home, Rideau Hall, the Queen plants a tree. She had also planted a tree in 1951 and her father, King George VI had planted one in 1939.