Читать книгу The Theory of Stock Exchange Speculation - Arthur Crump - Страница 3

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Some years ago I came across a book, called “Crump’s Theory of Stock Speculation,” which had gone through several editions in England; and the practical wisdom expressed therein impressed me so forcibly that ever since then I formed the project of publishing an American edition.

The reader may be astonished that, as a broker, I desire to give such a book a larger circulation than it possessed heretofore, as the natural conclusion would be that it might injure my business. I feel, however, that it is not so, and think that a broker loses nothing by doing his duty in warning his clients against danger, and showing them the pitfalls.

I do not quite agree with the author of the book on every point, especially when he seeks to convey the impression that it would seem almost impossible that any profit could be derived from Stock Exchange speculation. During my long experience I have seen many speculators accumulate large fortunes, and I believe that when speculation is conducted by a clear-headed man, as a matter of business and not as a matter of amusement, it offers great chances.

Where the strength of Mr. Crump’s work lies is in his showing what attributes of character a man must possess to be successful, and with these attributes a man must prove successful in stock speculation as well as in any other business. Condensed, these attributes are: first, a clear head; second, capital; and third, patience.

I do not agree with Mr. Crump, that a speculator, to be successful, must be a hard-hearted, selfish man. I found it different with most of the prominent men in Wall Street. Of course, if a Gould or a Vanderbilt buys up a whole railroad, he cannot very well take many people into his confidence; but these men are not what is generally called speculators—they are generals or diplomats, and they are not different in their actions from generals in warfare or diplomats in politics.

Outside of this class, I found generally, when I asked one of the prominent speculators for his opinion of the market, that he gave me his true and candid opinion of the future of the market; and the probabilities are that, if even not acting on this opinion at that very moment, his general policy was based on such a forecast of the market’s condition.

The strength of the successful speculator lies in his observing the important principle set forth by Mr. Crump on page 60 of his work. “Speculators never set sufficient value on the importance of avoiding a loss—they think only of the profits.” As it is with our money affairs when we say, “Look after the pence; the pounds will take care of themselves,” so it is with speculation. Look after the losses; the profits will take care of themselves. Never refuse a profit, is a golden motto for speculators, which unhappily few of them, in their greediness, have the courage to adopt. The observance of this rule is the main cause of the success of the best speculators, and the non-observance is the cause of failure of even their confidential friends.

Very few fortunes have been made in Wall Street at one stroke. Fortunes which were made in that way were generally lost again in a very short time. Most of the long, lasting, and solid fortunes were made by a gradual accumulation of profits extending over a great many years. The beginnings of these were sometimes quite small, and, as the capital increased, larger operations were entered into.[1]

Another cause of failure is the habit of taking larger risks than the means of speculators warrant. They naturally become nervous when they begin to see their capital dwindle away, and then begin, what is called in Wall Street, to “chip out.” Now this is the curse of the speculator, not so much on account of the loss, as on account of the demoralization it will lead him into. Of course, big losses ought to be avoided, but at the same time well based and matured operations may sometimes be temporarily upset by a temporary manipulation of the market, or by some accidents which however right themselves in a few days, and cannot seriously interrupt the natural course of the market. In such a market a nervous speculator may “chip out” a fortune, and still be right in his views as to general conditions.

I think it is better to make one loss of 5 per cent. or so, when you know you are wrong, than to make three or five losses of 1 per cent. each, when you do not know whether you are wrong or right, and in this connection Mr. Crump has very much undervalued the importance of options.

Options, if considered in their proper light, are the most important adjunct to speculation. They will enable the speculator to bridge over many difficulties, and furnish capital to speculators who know how to use them.

I do not say this simply because I am a broker in options, but because it is my honest conviction that options are cheap at almost any price, when a speculator has occasion to use them. If money is lost by buyers of options, it is because many of them are bought by people who have not sufficient reasons for doing so, and after the option has been bought, the owner does not know what to do with it. I have, for example, known people to be bulls on Lake Shore, and then go and spend money for a put in Western Union. Is it any wonder that men who do business on such principles lose money?

That many stock brokers object to options is natural. They look out for commissions, and greatly prefer to buy and sell several times a day on stop orders or on margins, even if customers lose money thereby, rather than see them make money two or three times a year, through operations extended over periods of two or three months each.

I do not mean to say that all stock brokers are of this kind, but if speculators recall their own experience, they will undoubtedly remember how often their broker said to them, “Cut your losses,” if the transaction was against them, while, if the transaction showed a profit, the advice was, “Taking profits will never make any man poorer.” All these things make commissions for the broker, and this is the object of his business.

Another reason for the unwillingness of some brokerage houses to encourage speculation against options must be found in the fact that a great many of them have not sufficiently large capital to enter upon large transactions without any other margin than the option. Although I acknowledge that it is hardly fair to ask a broker to do an unlimited amount of business based on options alone, the fact, nevertheless, exists that the strongest houses have always been glad to encourage trading against options, and only the more insignificant houses are opposed to it.

A well planned and matured operation, looking far ahead, backed by ample capital and patience, is the only way to make a fortune at the Stock Exchange, and prudence demands that in case the speculator’s idea should have been wrong, he should have a safe way for a retreat open. Options will fulfill all these demands; and no matter how expensive, if the speculator can afford it, it is the only way of speculating in a safe and reasonable manner.

There are some people who are under the impression that they know everything already, and have nothing to learn, and such may be amused, but not benefited, by reading this book; others, however, who are inclined to speculate (and there are and always will be many of them) cannot fail to derive great benefit from the perusal of Mr. Crump’s interesting work, and I hope I may put money in some people’s pockets or save others from ruin by sending this book forth among the American people.

H. W. Rosenbaum.

New York, Nov., 1886.

The last chapter in Mr. Crump’s book, entitled “Outside Criticism on the Causes of Disturbance in the Money Market,” has been omitted in this edition, as it relates simply to questions about the policy of the Bank of England in regard to regulating the discount rate, and a controversy and correspondence on this point between Mr. Crump and Mr. Bonamy Price.

As this whole question is of no practical value or interest to the American reader, I thought it expedient to omit the whole matter.

H. W. R.