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Contents

Abbreviations

A Note on Language

Foreword by Julie Wilhelmsen

Preface

1 Starting Point

Part I

2 Space in Context

2.1 Complexities of Urban Contention

2.1.1 Form

2.1.2 Motivation

2.1.3 Waves

2.2 Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia

2.3 Relevance

3 Mapping the Field

3.1 Protests

3.1.1 Repertoires

3.1.2 Nonviolent Contention

3.1.3 Colour Revolutions

3.1.4 Non-spatial Factors

3.2 Space

3.2.1 Public Space

3.2.2 Physical Space

3.2.3 Contested Spaces

3.3 The Gap

4 Definitions and Research Questions

4.1 What Is a Mass Protest?

4.2 What Is Urban Public Space?

4.3 Research Questions

5 Theorising and Development

5.1 Approaches to Theorising

5.1.1 Field Work

5.1.2 Respondents

5.1.3 Mapping

5.2 Ethical Considerations

5.2.1 Interview Ethics

5.2.2 Practical Utility

5.3 Geographical Determinism

5.4 Conception

5.4.1 M.A. Thesis

5.4.2 PhD Proposal

5.5 Theorising

5.5.1 Prestudy

5.5.2 Formulating a Theory

5.5.3 Transitional Study

5.6 Causal Chains

5.7 Main Study

5.8 Post-test Theorising

6 Variables and Methodology

6.1 Independent Variables

6.1.1 Perceived Elements

6.1.2 Physical Elements

6.1.3 Social Elements

6.2 Intermediary Variables

6.2.1 Spatial Qualities

6.2.2 The Political Environment

6.3 Dependent Variables

6.3.1 Emergence

6.3.2 Realisation

6.3.3 Impact

Part II

7 Prestudy

7.1 Physical Space

7.1.1 Spatial and Urban History

7.1.2 Daily Use

7.1.3 Protest Space

7.2 Symbolic Value

7.2.1 25 Years of Protest

7.3 Function

7.4 Conclusions

8 Transitional Study

8.1 A Spatial Perspective

8.2 Belarusian Protests from Glasnost’ to Lukashenka

8.3 Perceived elements

8.3.1 October Square

8.3.2 Independence Square

8.4 Social Elements

8.4.1 The Political Centre

8.4.2 The People’s Centre

8.4.3 Independence Square

8.4.4 October Square

8.5 Physical Elements

8.5.1 October Square and Ploshcha 2006

8.5.2 Independence Square and Ploshcha 2010

8.6 Conclusions

9 Main Study

9.1 Towards a Spatial Perspective

9.1.1 Spatial Elements

9.1.2 Spatial Qualities and the Political Environment

9.1.3 Protest Areas

9.2 Moscow, Swamp Square and the March of Millions

9.2.1 The Political Environment of Moscow

9.2.2 Public Spaces in Moscow

9.2.3 The Elements

9.2.4 Spatial Qualities

9.2.5 Emergence, Realization, Impact

9.3 Conclusions

Part III

10 To Paris and Beyond

10.1 Republic Square and the Yellow Vests

10.1.1 Applying the Model

10.2 Summary and Conclusions

10.2.1 “So what?”

10.2.2 Limitations

10.3 Moving On

References