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of tongue turned up to

touch the hard palate)

same as the preceding but

aspirated

retroflex n (with the tip

of tongue turned up to

touch the hard palate)

French tout

tent hook

dinner

guidhall

now

pill

upheaval

before

abhorrent

mind

yes

trilled, resembling the Ita-

lian pronunciation of r

linger

word

shore

retroflex sh (with the tip

of the tongue turned up

to touch the hard palate)

hiss

hood

CSL Punctuation of English

The acute accent on Sanskrit words when they occur outside of the Sanskrit text itself, marks stress, e.g., Ramayana. It is not part of traditional Sanskrit orthography, transliteration, or transcription, but we supply it here to guide readers in the pronunciation of these unfamiliar words. Since no Sanskrit word is accented on the last syllable it is not necessary to accent disyllables, e.g., Rama.

The second CSL innovation designed to assist the reader in the pronunciation of lengthy unfamiliar words is to insert an unobtrusive middle dot between semantic word breaks in compound names (provided the word break does not fall on a vowel resulting from the fusion of two vowels), e.g., Maha·bharata, but Ramayana (not Rama·ayana). Our dot echoes the punctuating middle dot (·) found in the oldest surviving samples of written Indic, the Ashokan inscriptions of the third century bce.

The deep layering of Sanskrit narrative has also dictated that we use quotation marks only to announce the beginning and end of every direct speech, and not at the beginning of every paragraph.