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Contents

Preface
Acknowledgments
PART I OVERVIEW
Chapter 1 The Frontier of Intractability
1.1 PPAD: Finding a Needle You Know Is in the Haystack
1.2 Quasi-Polynomial Time and the Birthday Paradox
1.3 Approximate Nash Equilibrium
Chapter 2 Preliminaries
Notation
2.1 Nash Equilibrium and Relaxations
2.2 PPAD and END-OF-A-LINE
2.3 Exponential Time Hypotheses
2.4 PCP Theorems
2.5 Learning Theory
2.6 Information Theory
2.7 Useful Lemmata
PART II COMMUNICATION COMPLEXITY
Chapter 3 Communication Complexity of Approximate Nash Equilibrium
Our Results
3.1 Uncoupled Dynamics
3.2 Techniques
3.3 Additional Related Literature
3.4 Proof Overview
3.5 Proofs
3.6 An Open Problem: Correlated Equilibria in 2-Player Games
Chapter 4 Brouwer’s Fixed Point
4.1 BROUWER with ℓ∞
4.2 Euclidean BROUWER
PART III PPAD
Chapter 5 PPAD-Hardness of Approximation
Chapter 6 The Generalized Circuit Problem
Our Results
6.1 Proof Overview
6.2 From Brouwer to ϵ-GCIRCUIT
6.3 GCIRCUIT with Fan-out 2
Chapter 7 Many-Player Games
Related Works: Tractable Special Cases
7.1 Graphical, Polymatrix Games
7.2 Succinct Games
Chapter 8 Bayesian Nash Equilibrium
Chapter 9 Market Equilibrium
9.1 Why Are Non-Monotone Markets Hard?
9.2 High-Level Structure of the Proof
9.3 Adaptations for Constant Factor Inapproximability
9.4 Non-Monotone Markets: Proof of Inapproximability
Chapter 10 CourseMatch
10.1 The Course Allocation Problem
10.2 A-CEEI Is PPAD-Hard
10.3 A-CEEI ∊ PPAD
PART IV QUASI-POLYNOMIAL TIME
Chapter 11 Birthday Repetition
11.1 Warm-Up: Best ϵ-Nash
Chapter 12 Densest k-Subgraph
12.1 Construction (and Completeness)
12.2 Soundness
Chapter 13 Community Detection
13.1 Related Works
13.2 Overview of Proofs
13.3 Hardness of Counting Communities
13.4 Hardness of Detecting Communities
Chapter 14 VC and Littlestone’s Dimensions
14.1 Discussion
14.2 Techniques
14.3 Related Work
14.4 Inapproximability of the VC Dimension
14.5 Inapproximability of Littlestone’s Dimension
14.6 Quasi-polynomial Algorithm for Littlestone’s Dimension
Chapter 15 Signaling
15.1 Techniques
15.2 Near-Optimal Signaling Is Hard
PART V APPROXIMATE NASH EQUILIBRIUM
Chapter 16 2-Player Approximate Nash Equilibrium
Additional Related Work
16.1 Technical Overview
16.2 END-OF-A-LINE with Local Computation
16.3 Holographic Proof
16.4 Polymatrix WeakNash
16.5 From Polymatrix to Bimatrix
References
Index
Author Biography
Hardness of Approximation Between P and NP

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