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Table of Contents
Оглавление1 Cover
6 About the Book and Authors Biographies
8 Preface
11 List of Image Contributions
12 1 Semiconductor Lasers and VCSEL History 1.1 History and Basics of Semiconductor Lasers 1.2 Semiconductor Lasers and Manufacturing 1.3 VCSEL History and Development 1.4 Timeline and Milestones 1.5 State of VCSEL Development References
13 2 VCSEL Fundamentals 2.1 Introduction to Lasers 2.2 Basic VCSEL Structure 2.3 Quantum Well Gain Region (Active Region) 2.4 Distributed Bragg Reflector Mirrors 2.5 Light Output Characteristic 2.6 Forward Voltage Characteristic 2.7 Optical Modes 2.8 Beam Divergence 2.9 Modulation Characteristics 2.10 Temperature Characteristics 2.11 Thermal Transient Behavior and Short‐Pulse Operation 2.12 Other VCSEL Structures 2.13 VCSEL Materials 2.14 Summary References
14 3 VCSEL Industry 3.1 Industry Background 3.2 VCSEL Industry Landscape 3.3 VCSEL Commercial Products 3.4 Summary References Bibliography
15 4 Data Communications Applications 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Growing Data 4.3 Data Centers and High‐Performance Computing 4.4 Optical Interconnects 4.5 Data Encoding and Multiplexing 4.6 High‐Speed VCSELs 4.7 Optical Link Impairments 4.8 Energy Efficient VCSELs 4.9 Datacom Market 4.10 Summary References
16 5 VCSELs for 3D Sensing and Computer Vision 5.1 Optical Sensors in Consumer Electronics 5.2 Why VCSELs for Smart Optical Sensors? 5.3 3D Sensing (Mobile) Products 5.4 Computer Vision and Virtual Reality 5.5 3D Sensing Mobile and Camera Industry Prospects (until 2025) 5.6 Summary References
17 6 Automotive LiDARs 6.1 Introduction to LiDARs 6.2 Operating Principle of LiDARs 6.3 VCSELs in LiDAR Industry: Landscape and Direction 6.4 Key Aspects of LiDARs 6.5 Examples of VCSEL‐ and EEL‐Based LiDARs 6.6 Automotive Communication: IVE (Infotainment) and C‐V2X 6.7 Market Summary References
18 7 Illumination, Night Vision, and Industrial Heating 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Optical Properties of Illumination Sources 7.3 Commercial Examples of VCSEL Illuminators 7.4 VCSEL‐Based Industrial Heating 7.5 Summary
19 8 Single‐Mode VCSELs for Sensing Applications 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Single‐Mode VCSELs 8.3 Single‐Mode VCSEL Application Examples 8.4 Summary References
20 9 Single‐Mode VCSELs for Communications Applications 9.1 Introduction 9.2 LW‐VCSEL Design and Manufacturing 9.3 Quantum Communications 9.4 Summary References
21 10 Future Prospects 10.1 VCSEL Industry 10.2 Datacom VCSELs 10.3 VCSEL Arrays for 3D Sensing (Short Distance) 10.4 VCSEL Arrays for 3D Sensing and Imaging (Long Distance) 10.5 kW‐Level VCSEL Arrays for Industrial and Night Vision 10.6 Single‐Mode VCSELs for Communication and Sensing 10.7 Quantum Technologies 10.8 Neuromorphic/Neurophotonic Technologies 10.9 Biomedical/Bio‐Photonic Applications 10.10 New Directions of VCSEL Technologies (as of March 2021) 10.11 Concluding Remarks References
22 Appendix A: VCSELs Design Engineering A.1 Background References
23 Appendix B: Epitaxial Growth Engineering B.1 Technologies and Materials for VCSELs B.2 Epitaxial Growth B.3 Reactor Readiness and Calibrations B.4 Post‐Growth Characterizations and Acceptance B.5 Epitaxial Growth on Large‐Sized Wafers References Bibliography
24 Appendix C: Wafer Process Engineering C.1 Background of Wafer Processing C.2 Wafer Processing Methods: DOE and Lot C.3 Wafer Probe Measurements References Bibliography
25 Appendix D: Wafer Level Testing D.1 Introduction D.2 Post‐Epitaxial Characterization D.3 Wafer Fabrication Data D.4 Wafer Level Performance Test D.5 Package Level Validation D.6 Summary References
26 Appendix E: Reliability and Product Qualification E.1 Introduction E.2 Reliability Model Development E.3 Failure Modes in VCSELs E.4 Array Reliability and Sparing E.5 Considerations for High‐Power 2D VCSEL Arrays E.6 Qualification Standards E.7 Ongoing Quality Verification E.8 Summary References
27 Appendix F: Eye Safety Considerations References
28 Appendix G: Laser Displays and TV G.1 What is a Laser Display? G.2 Displays and Color Gamut G.3 Laser Light Sources for Display G.4 Laser Backlight Method G.5 Summary of Laser Displays References
29 Appendix H: Red VCSELs H.1 Introduction H.2 Data Communications H.3 Blood Oximetry H.4 Hair Regrowth References
30 Appendix I: GaN‐Based VCSELs I.1 AlGaInN Laser Materials I.2 AlGaInN Laser Development I.3 AlGaInN Blue VCSELs I.4 AlGaInN Green VCSELs I.5 White Light Generation by VCSELs References
31 Appendix J: Photodetectors J.1 Introduction J.2 Noise in Photodetectors J.3 Photodetectors for Communication and Sensing References
33 Index
