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1 1. M. L. Brown and C. A. Rounsley, True Selves: Understanding Transsexualism – For Families, Friends, Coworkers, and Helping Professionals (San Francisco, 1996), p. 25; J. F. Boylan, She’s Not There: A Life in Two Genders (New York, 2003), p. 174.

2 2. R. Erickson, ‘Foreword’, in R. Green and J. Money (eds.), Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment (Baltimore, 1969), p. xi.

3 3. M. W. Valerio, The Testosterone Files: My Hormonal and Social Transformation from Female to Male (Berkeley, 2006), p. 2.

4 4. E. B. Towle and L. M. Morgan, ‘Romancing the Transgender Native: Rethinking the Use of the “Third Gender” Concept’, GLQ, 8:4 (2002), 469–97. True Selves comes in for specific criticism in this regard (at 478).

5 5. C. Millot, Horsexe: Essays on Transsexuality, translated by K. Hylton (New York, 1990), p. 141. First published in French in 1983. Robert Stoller termed transsexualism ‘a newly described condition (the literature begins only in 1953)’: R. J. Stoller, The Transsexual Experiment (London, 1975), p. 2.

6 6. J. Meyerowitz, How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States (Cambridge, Mass., 2002), p. 1. See chs. 1 and 2.

7 7. H. Benjamin, The Transsexual Phenomenon (New York, 1966); Green and Money (eds.), Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment; Stoller, Transsexual Experiment. The term was really first used in print by the popular sexologist D. O. Cauldwell in 1949, as will be discussed in chapter 2.

8 8. The best history of transsexuality is Meyerowitz, How Sex Changed.

9 9. Ibid., pp. 217–22.

10 10. For an excellent short history of US transgender, see G. Beemyn, ‘US History’, in L. Erickson-Schroth (ed.), Trans Bodies, Trans Selves: A Resource for the Transgender Community (New York, 2014), ch. 22. The essay was published separately in a longer version as an Ebook: G. Beemyn, Transgender History in the United States (New York, 2014).

11 11. See, for example, R. Ekins and D. King, The Transgender Phenomenon (London, 2006); S. Stryker, P. Currah, and L. J. Moore, ‘Introduction: Trans-, Trans, or Transgender?’ Women’s Studies Quarterly, 36:3–4 (2008), 11–22; S. Stryker, Transgender History (Berkeley, 2008, 2017).

12 12. A. Bolin, In Search of Eve: Transsexual Rites of Passage (New York, 1988), p. 84.

13 13. W. O. Bockting, ‘Psychotherapy and the Real-Life Experience: From Gender Dichotomy to Gender Diversity’, Sexologies, 17:4 (2008), 211–24, quote at 214.

14 14. H. L. Talley, ‘Facial Feminization and the Theory of Facial Sex Difference: The Medical Transformation of Elective Intervention to Necessary Repair’, in J. A. Fisher (ed.), Gender and the Science of Difference: Cultural Politics of Contemporary Science and Medicine (New Brunswick, NJ, 2011), ch. 10; E. Plemons, The Look of a Woman: Facial Feminization Surgery and the Aims of Trans-Medicine (Durham, NC, 2017), quote at p. 1.

15 15. D. Denny, ‘Interview with Anne Bolin, Ph.D.’, Chrysalis Quarterly, 1:6 (1993), 15–20; A. Bolin, ‘Transcending and Transgendering: Male-to-Female Transsexuals, Dichotomy and Diversity’, in G. Herdt (ed.), Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History (New York, 1996), ch. 10.

16 16. G. Beemyn and S. Rankin, The Lives of Transgender People (New York, 2011), pp. 23–6.

17 17. J. W. Wright, Trans/Portraits: Voices from Transgender Communities (Hanover, NH, 2015).

18 18. Ibid., pp. 72–3.

19 19. L. M. Diamond, S. T. Pardo, and M. R. Butterworth, ‘Transgender Experience and Identity’, in S. J. Schwartz and others (eds.), Handbook of Identity Theory and Research (New York, 2011), ch. 26, quote at p. 630.

20 20. The title of the journal’s double inaugural issue, ‘Postposttranssexual: Key Concepts for a Twenty-First-Century Transgender Studies’, TSQ, 1:1–2 (2014).

21 21. For trans*, see S. Stryker and P. Currah, ‘Introduction’, TSQ, 1:1–2 (2014), 1–18, quote at 3. See also A. Tompkins, ‘Asterisk’, TSQ, 1:1–2 (2014), 26–7.

22 22. Tompkins, ‘Asterisk’, 27.

23 23. A. Z. Aizura, Mobile Subjects: Transnational Imaginaries of Gender Reassignment (Durham, NC, 2018), pp. 11–12.

24 24. M. Rajunov and S. Duane (eds.), Nonbinary: Memoirs of Gender and Identity (New York, 2019).

25 25. CN Lester, Trans Like Me: A Journey for All of Us (London, 2017), Ebook, loc. 521.

26 26. The editors, ‘Future Gender’, Aperture, 229 (2017), 23.

27 27. E. J. Green, Young New York (New York, 2019).

28 28. J. Rose, ‘Who Do You Think You Are?’ London Review of Books, 5 May 2016.

29 29. For Transparent, see S. Stryker and others, ‘Virtual Roundtable on Transparent’, Public Books, 1 August 2015: www.publicbooks.org/artmedia/virtual-roundtable-on-transparent.

30 30. For television and trans children, see A. Prochuk, ‘From the Monster to the Kid Next Door: Transgender Children, Cisgender Parents, and the Management of Difference on TV’, Atlantis, 36:2 (2014), 36–48, quote at 37.

31 31. For example, J. A. Peters, Luna a Novel (New York, 2004); M. Ewert, 10,000 Dresses (New York, 2008); B. Katcher, Almost Perfect (New York, 2009); J. Carr, Be Who You ARE! (Bloomington, Ind., 2010); C. Beam, I Am J (New York, 2011); C. Kilovadis, My Princess Boy (New York, 2011); K. Cronn-Mills, Beautiful Music for Ugly Children (Woodbury, Minn., 2012); K. E. Clark, Freak Boy (New York, 2013); A. Fabrikant, When Kayla Was Kyle (Lakewood, Calif., 2013); A. Gino, George (New York, 2015); D. Gephart, Lily and Dunkin (New York, 2016); M. Russo, If I Was Your Girl (New York, 2016). I am grateful to Claire Gooder for compiling this list.

32 32. For Jenner, see the two-season reality series, I Am Cait (2015, 2016); Vanity Fair: Trans America, Special Edition, 18 August 2015; and C. Jenner and B. Bissinger, The Secrets of My Life (London, 2017). For Mock, see J. Mock, Redefining Realness (New York, 2014); J. Mock, Surpassing Certainty (New York, 2017); and her blog https://janetmock.com.

33 33. M. Lovelock, ‘Call Me Caitlyn: Making and Making Over the “Authentic” Transgender Body in Anglo-American Popular Culture’, Journal of Gender Studies, 26:6 (2017), 675–87.

34 34. L. Horak, ‘Trans on YouTube: Intimacy, Visibility, Temporality’, TSQ, 1:4 (2014), 572–85; T. Raun, ‘Archiving the Wonders of Testosterone Via YouTube’, TSQ, 2:4 (2015), 701–9, quote at 701; T. Raun, Out Online: Trans Self-Representation and Community Building on YouTube (London, 2016). See, too, M. Heinz, Entering Masculinity: The Inevitability of Discourse (Chicago, 2016), which discusses trans masculinity on YouTube.

35 35. D. Udy, ‘“Am I Gonna Become Famous When I Get My Boobs Done?”: Surgery and Celebrity in Gigi Gorgeous: This Is Everything’, TSQ, 5:2 (2018), 275–80.

36 36. Erickson-Schroth (ed.), Trans Bodies, Trans Selves.

37 37. C. S. Salgado, S. J. Monstrey, and M. L. Djordjevic (eds.), Gender Affirmation: Medical & Surgical Perspectives (New York, 2017).

38 38. W. O. Bockting and J. M. Goldberg (eds.), Guidelines for Transgender Care (Binghamton, NY, 2006); A. E. Eyler, ‘Primary Medical Care of the Gender-Variant Patient’, in R. Ettner, S. Monstrey, and A. E. Eyler (eds.), Principles of Transgender Medicine and Surgery (New York, 2014), ch. 2, quote at p. 26.

39 39. E. Coleman and others, ‘Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People, Version 7’, International Journal of Transgenderism, 13 (2011), 165–232, quote at 168; G. Knudson and others, ‘Identity Recognition Statement of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH)’, International Journal of Transgenderism, 19:3 (2018), 355–6, quote at 356.

40 40. S. Stryker and S. Whittle (eds.), The Transgender Studies Reader (New York, 2006); S. Stryker and A. Z. Aizura (eds.), The Transgender Studies Reader 2 (New York, 2013).

41 41. A. Haefele-Thomas, Introduction to Transgender Studies (New York, 2019).

42 42. E. Shipley, ‘Etymology’, in T. C. Tolbert and T. T. Peterson (eds.), Troubling the Line: Trans and Genderqueer Poetry and Poetics (Callicoon, NY, 2013), pp. 193–4, quote at p. 193.

43 43. A. H. Devor, The Transgender Archives: Foundations for the Future (Vancouver, 2014); A. H. Devor and L. Wilson, ‘Putting Trans* History on the Shelves: The Transgender Archives at the University of Victoria, Canada’, in A. L. Stone and J. Cantrell (eds.), Out of the Closet, Into the Archives: Researching Sexual Histories (Albany, NY, 2015), ch. 10.

44 44. K. J. Rawson, ‘Transgender Worldmaking in Cyberspace: Historical Activism on the Internet’, QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking, 1:2 (2014), 38–60, quote at 38; www.digitaltransgenderarchive.net/about/overview.

45 45. www.lib.umn.edu/tretter/transgender-oral-history-project.

46 46. Z. Drucker and R. Ernst, Relationship (New York, 2016); M. Seliger, On Christopher Street: Transgender Stories (New York, 2016). The quote comes from Mock’s ‘Foreword’ to Seliger, p. 12.

47 47. https://broadlygenderphotos.vice.com.

48 48. https://originalplumbing.bigcartel.com/category/magazines. See the recent sample: A. Mac and R. Kayiatos (eds.), OP Original Plumbing: The Best Ten Years of Trans Male Culture (New York, 2019).

49 49. R. Bastanmehr, ‘Is Pop Culture Having a Trans Moment?’ Vice, 3 November 2014: www.vice.com/read/were-having-a-trans-moment-456.

50 50. K. Steinmetz, ‘The Transgender Tipping Point’, Time, 29 May 2014; K. Steinmetz, ‘Beyond He or She: How a New Generation is Redefining the Meaning of Gender’, Time, 27 March 2017.

51 51. National Geographic, January 2017.

52 52. M. C. Burke, ‘Resisting Pathology: GID and the Contested Terrain of Diagnosis in the Transgender Rights Movement’, Advances in Medical Sociology, 12 (2011), 183–210.

53 53. For early statements, see M. D. O’Hartigan and R. A. Wilchins, ‘The GID Controversy’, Transgender Tapestry, 79 (1977), 30–1, 44–5.

54 54. For a perceptive discussion of these tensions, as they relate to both medicine and law, see J. L. Koenig, ‘Distributive Consequences of the Medical Model’, Harvard Civil Rights – Civil Liberties Law Review, 46 (2011), 619–45.

55 55. R. Lane, ‘“We Are Here to Help”: Who Opens the Gate for Surgeries?’, TSQ, 5:2 (2018), 207–27, quote at 208.

56 56. A. H. Johnson, ‘Normative Accountability: How the Medical Model Influences Transgender Identities and Experiences’, Sociology Compass, 9:9 (2015), 803–13.

57 57. M. J. Hird, ‘A Typical Gender Identity Conference? Some Disturbing Reports from the Therapeutic Front Lines’, Feminism & Psychology, 13:2 (2003), 181–99, quote at 183.

58 58. Z. Davy, ‘The DSM-5 and the Politics of Diagnosing Transpeople’, Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44:5 (2015), 1165–76; G. Davis, J. M. Dewey, and E. L. Murphy, ‘Giving Sex: Deconstructing Intersex and Trans Medicalization Practices’, Gender & Society, 30:3 (2016), 490–514.

59 59. D. Spade, ‘Mutilating Gender’ [2000], in Stryker and Whittle (eds.), Transgender Studies Reader, ch. 23, quote at p. 326.

60 60. J. Butler, ‘Doing Justice to Someone: Sex Reassignment and Allegories of Transsexuality’, GLQ, 7:4 (2001), 621–36, quote at 632.

61 61. M. Violet, Yes, You Are Trans Enough: My Transition from Self-Loathing to Self-Love (London, 2018), Ebook, locs. 2636–40.

62 62. L. M. Lothstein, ‘Group Therapy with Gender-Dysphoric Patients’, American Journal of Psychotherapy, 33:1 (1979), 67–81, quotes at 71.

63 63. Ibid., 75.

64 64. A. C. Keller, S. E. Althof, and L. M. Lothstein, ‘Group Therapy with Gender-Identity Patients – A Four Year Study’, American Journal of Psychotherapy, 36:2 (1982), 223–8, quote at 224.

65 65. E. J. Windsor, ‘Golden Ticket Therapy: Stigma Management Among Trans Men’, in O. Gozlan (ed.), Current Critical Debates in the Field of Transsexual Studies (New York, 2018), ch. 9, quotes at pp. 134, 135.

66 66. N. Krieger, ‘Writing Trans’, in Erickson-Schroth (ed.), Trans Bodies, Trans Selves, pp. 582–3, quote at p. 583.

67 67. See E. Plemons and C. Straayer (eds.), TSQ, 5:2 (2018): The Surgery Issue.

68 68. Plemons, Look of a Woman, p. 17.

69 69. M. Davidson, ‘Seeking Refuge Under the Umbrella: Inclusion, Exclusion, and Organizing Within the Category Transgender’, Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 4:4 (2007), 60–80.

70 70. Ibid., 66.

71 71. R. Connell, ‘Transsexual Women and Feminist Thought: Toward New Understanding and New Politics’, Signs, 37:4 (2012), 857–81.

72 72. K. Bornstein and Z. Drucker, ‘Gender is a Playground’, Aperture, 229 (2017), 24–31.

73 73. G. O. MacKenzie, Transgender Nation (Bowling Green, OH, 1994), p. 6.

74 74. R. Styles, The New Girl: A Trans Girl Tells It Like It Is (London, 2017), Ebook, locs. 111–16.

75 75. See the essays in E. Deshane (ed.), #Trans: An Anthology About Transgender and Nonbinary Identity Online (Santa Cruz, 2017).

76 76. T. Milan, ‘For Years, Tiq Milan Felt Like the Only Black Trans Man on Earth’, Vice, 27 March 2019: www.vice.com/en_us/article/zma9pe/tiq-milan-black-trans-man-community-online.

77 77. S. McGriever, ‘The Mirror of Truth’, in Deshane (ed.), #Trans, pp. 24–30, quote at p. 25.

78 78. H. Figa, ‘YouTube Auto-Ethnography: An Introduction of Sorts’, in Deshane (ed.), #Trans, pp. 14–22, quotes at pp. 14, 20.

79 79. M. Robertson, Growing Up Queer: Kids and the Remaking of LGBTQ Identity (New York, 2019), ch. 4.

80 80. Beemyn and Rankin, Lives of Transgender People, pp. 44–5, 54, 57–9, 75, 121, 140–1. Given that the survey was Internet based, these are hardly untainted findings.

81 81. Bornstein and Drucker, ‘Gender is a Playground’, 28.

82 82. J. Tobia, Sissy: A Coming-Of-Gender Story (New York, 2019), pp. 96, 165.

83 83. B. Bissinger, ‘Across the Ages’, Vanity Fair: Trans America, Special Edition, 18 August 2015.

84 84. J. Halberstam, Trans*: A Quick and Quirky Account of Gender Variability (Oakland, Calif., 2018).

85 85. Lester, Trans Like Me, loc. 2114.

86 86. R. Gossett, E. A. Stanley, and J. Burton (eds.), Trap Door: Trans Cultural Production and the Politics of Visibility (Cambridge, Mass., 2017).

87 87. J. Gill-Peterson, Histories of the Transgender Child (Minneapolis, Minn., 2018), ch. 2, quote at p. 11.

88 88. For heterosexuality before heterosexuality, and homosexuality before homosexuality, see K. M. Philips and B. Reay, Sex Before Sexuality: A Premodern History (Cambridge, 2011).

89 89. J. M. Irvine, Disorders of Desire: Sexuality and Gender in Modern American Sociology (Philadelphia, 2005), p. 208.

90 90. For an analysis of the meanings of trans, see R. Brubaker, Trans: Gender and Race in an Age of Identities (Princeton, NJ, 2016).